A Cultural Revolution?

I. The Catholic Reform: A Question of Definitions

Image: Johann Stephan Pütter (1725-1807)
Image: Wilhelm Maurenbrecher (1838-1892)
Image: Hubert Jedin (1900-1980)

II. Antecedents of Catholic Reform
A. “Grass-Roots” Reform in the Mediterranean Region
B. New and Reformed Religious Orders

Image: Carindal Francisco Ximénes de Cisneros (1436-1517)
Image: Matteo Bassi (1495-1552), co-founder of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (1528)
Image: Angela Merici (1474-1540), founder of the Order of Ursulines (1535)  
Image: Teresa of Ávila (1515-1582)
Map: Jesuit Foundations, 1540-1615

III The Council of Trent, 1545-1563
A. Reunification of the Church
B. Reform of Doctrine and Religious Observance
C. Reform of Church Institutions

Image: The Council of Trent

Image: Duke Wilhelm IV of Bavaria (1493-1550)
Image: Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn, Bishop of Würzburg (1573-1617)
Image: J.F. Dielmann, "Pilgrimage to Walldürn" (19th C.)
Map: Religious Divisions of Europe, 1680

Image: Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) The Miracle of Saint Ignatius Loyola (c. 1617). Kunsthistorisches Museum. Image Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Order of Regular Clerics (“Theatines”), est. 1524
Capuchins, est. 1528
Clerics Regular of Saint Paul (“Barnabites”), est. 1532 
Ursulines, est. 1537 
The Servants of the Poor (“Somaschi”), est. 1534
The Society of Jesus (“Jesuits”), est. 1534
The Reformed Priests of the Most Holy Virgin (“Matrititani” or “Leonardini”), est. 1574
The Clerics Regular Servants of the Sick (“Camillians”), est. 1582
The Minor Clerics Regular (“Caracciolini”), 1588
The Poor Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of the Pious Schools (“Piarists”), est. 1597 

Sessions of the Council of Trent:
1-8: Trent, December 1525-March 1547
9-11: Bologna, April 1547-January 1548
12-16: Trent, May 1551-April 1552
17-25: Trent, January 1562-December 1563
 

IV. Discussion: The Living and the Dead in Reformation Europe

V. Was the Reformation a Cultural Revolution?
A. The Reformation as Cultural Revolution
B. Reformation and Popular Culture
1) The Progress of Confessionalization
2) Medieval Holdovers
3) The "Invisible Boundary"
C. The Lving and the Dead
A. Living with the Dead
B. Protestant Anxiety
C. The Arrow of Family Time
C. Signs and Signifiers

The Mass of Saint Gregory
Image: The Mass of Saint Gregory Defaced (Münster, 9 February 1529)
Image: Iconoclasm in Aesch (Switzerland), 1529
Image: Iconoclasm against St. Martin's, Utrecht
Image: Iconoclasm against St. Steven's, Nijmegen

Image: The "Incombustible Luther" of 1689. A number of printed images of Luther were thought to be impervious to destruction by fire. This one was found in the house where Luther had been born after it was badly damaged by fire in 1689. The earliest examples of the belief in incombustible Luther images date back to the earliest years of the Reformation. They are testimony both to the profound influence of the Reformation on the image culture of the late Middle Ages and to the persistence of pre-Reformation beliefs and religious practices in Protestant lands. Source: Robert W. Scribner, "Incombustible Luther: The Image of the Reformer in Early Modern Germany," Past and Present 110 (1986): 38-68.