Psychology 202 - Hodges
Final Exam - December 5, 2001
FORM - 04
You're in the home stretch!! Answer using a PENCIL on the answer sheet. IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS: Where it says TEST on your answer sheet, indicate which form of the test you have you have: 01, 02, 03, or 04. Bubble in your name AND your ID number on the answer sheet. Write your seat number on the answer sheet.
New instructions for final! When you finish, QUIETLY turn in your final. Do not talk with other students until you've left the lecture hall. If you do talk, we will assume that you are cheating and act accordingly.
Your TA may have your last paper graded, in which case you can pick that up on your way out. (If it is not graded yet and you would like it back, send your TA an email to let him/her know that you would like it to be saved). If you don't get your paper back today, you must pick it up within the first two weeks of winter term (2002); after that, all papers will be recycled.
Please keep your eyes on your own paper and work quietly. Thanks!
1. Janie is thought to be very high in achievement motivation. Which of the following tasks would you expect her to choose?
A) An easily achievable task.
B) A variety of tasks, both relatively easy to achieve and highly challenging.
*** C) A moderately difficult task.
D) A task that is impossible to solve.
2. Asch's line judgment studies and Milgram's studies of obedience share all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Both studies were conducted before psychology studies had to get Institutional Review Board approval
B) Both studies used confederates
*** C) Both studies involved subjects being asked to harm others
D) Both studies showed the influence of social situations on subjects' behavior
3. In order to move away from egocentrism and toward the ability to represent another person's mind in one's own, an individual must develop a _______________ - an implicit set of ideas about the existence of mental states, such as beliefs and feelings, in oneself and others.
*** A) theory of mind
B) self-concept
C) value system
D) socialization model
4. Susan is a hospital administrator who wants to use findings from health psychology to help patients in the hospital recover faster and be healthier. Drawing on studies conducted in various realms that we discussed in class, which of the following would probably be most wise for Susan to do?
A) She should provide extensive information to all of her patients about medical procedures, especially patients who are "blunters."
B) She should make it easy on patients by having hospital staff make decisions about what patients eat, when they are bathed and other daily activities.
*** C) She should give patients control over caring for plants in their rooms.
D) She should assign high school student volunteers to regular days and times to visit the patients.
5. According to self-perception theory, the attitudes people report depend on their _______________.
A) tension level
B) perceived inconsistency
C) motivation
*** D) behavior
6. Tardive dyskinesia is a serious side effect of _______ drugs and is characterized by __________.
*** A) antipsychoticàinvoluntary twitching
B) antipsychoticà.memory loss
C) antidepressantàfacial paralysis
D) anti-maniaà profound motor depression
7. A recent twin study of dissociative disorder suggests that:
A) genetic variables most significantly account for the disorder; however, environmental influences also play a significant role
*** B) environmental variables account for the disorder, with little or no genetic influence
C) genetic variables account for the disorder, with little or no environmental influence
D) environmental influences most significantly account for the disorder, however genetic variables also play a significant role
8. The most important legacy of the psychodynamic perspective is its focus on:
A) dreams
B) behavior
C) genetics
*** D) the unconscious
9. According to evolutionary theory, which of the following is true?
A) Men get more upset about sexual infidelity than women, because it is a blow to their egos.
B) Women get more upset about sexual infidelity than men, because they are more susceptible to contracting A.I.D.S. from a sexual partner than men are.
*** C) Men get more upset about sexual infidelity than women, because it means they could be expending resources to raise someone else's offspring.
D) Men get more upset by emotional infidelity than women, because they value loyalty more than women.
10. In all but one of the following, a person's PERCEPTION of a stimulus or situation is more important in determining their behavior than the OBJECTIVE qualities of that stimulus or situation. Which of the following does NOT belong with the other three?
*** A) Self-serving bias
B) Placebo effects
C) Confirmatory bias
D) Illusory correlation
11. Which of the following is true about studies designed to test whether stress plays a CAUSAL role in contracting colds?
A) The stress variable can be operationalized by having people fill out a stress inventory
*** B) Giving a control group placebo nose drops that don't contain cold viruses helps rule out any effects of subjects' expectations about the study
C) Regardless of stress levels, exposing someone to a cold virus will result in that person getting a cold.
D) American Psychological Association ethics guidelines forbid doing any studies in which research subjects are exposed to viruses (including colds)
12. Research indicates that members of less individualistic societies tend to focus more on the ________________ of depression than do members of Western societies.
A) spiritual or religious aspects
*** B) behavioral dimension
C) internal psychological components
D) familial aspects
13. When Walter Mischel questioned whether there really was such a thing as personality, personality researchers criticized his arguments. Which of the following was one of their criticisms of Mischel's claims?
*** A) that correlations between behavior and situations are no higher than correlations Mischel found between behavior and traits
B) that Mischel's research relied almost exclusively on projective tests
C) that Mischel only examined traits that were self-relevant to people
D) that low correlations between behavior and traits are only found when transparent personality measures are used
14. Which of the following variations on Milgram's obedience studies would a social psychologist likely be most interested in?
A) Whether people with authoritarian personalities are most likely to be obedient
B) Whether adolescents are less likely to be obedient than preteens
*** C) Whether the addition of another subject changed people's obedience levels
D) Whether people in the Milgram study showed symptoms similar to posttraumatic stress syndrome
15. Sometimes a symptom AND its opposite can both be part of the diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder. Which of the following does NOT correctly match a pair of opposite symptoms with the mental disorder for which they are diagnostic criteria?
A) eating more/eating less - depression
B) low energy/excessive energy - bipolar disorder
C) intrusive thoughts/loss of memory - posttraumatic stress disorder
*** D) integrated self/multiple selves - multiple identity disorder
16. Under which set of circumstances would we be most likely to see an illusory correlation form?
A) Seeing members of a majority group performing a rare behavior
B) Seeing members of a majority group performing a negative behavior
*** C) Seeing members of a minority group performing a rare behavior
D) Seeing members of a minority group performing a positive behavior
17. In Milgram's famous studies in which subjects were asked to shock other subjects, the cover story was that researchers were
A) studying obedience
*** B) studying memory of word pairs
C) studying conformity
D) studying interpersonal interactions
18. A psychologist is studying Seasonal Affective Disorder (S.A.D.)-- a form of depression that is triggered by short days and less daylight during the winter. He is curious if full-spectrum light bulbs will decrease symptoms of S.A.D. He puts half of his subjects in front of full spectrum lights for half an hour each day and the other half in front of regular light bulbs. Assuming the participants can't tell the difference between the two kinds of light, the regular light bulbs are:
A) the dependent variable
B) a continuous independent variable
C) a confound
*** D) a placebo
19. For which of the Big 5 Factors is there strong support for a biological basis?
A) neuroticism/stability
*** B) introversion/extroversion
C) thinking/feeling
D) agreeableness/disagreeableness
20. Seth is one. Which of the following concepts/skills is he likely to have acquired?
A) telegraphic speech
*** B) object permanence
C) conservation of mass
D) presbycusis
21. Lulu finds a correlation of .21 between height and weight; Claire finds a correlation of -.45 between hours of exercise per week and weight. Which of the following is TRUE?
*** A) If they both know someone's weight, Claire can do a better job of PREDICTING the number of hours that person exercises than Lulu can at PREDICTING that person's height.
B) Lulu can do a better job of EXPLAINING the causal relationship between height and weight than Claire can at EXPLAINING the causal relationship between hours of exerciser per week and weight.
C) Neither height nor hours of exercise are useful variables in predicting weight.
D) Claire can predict that people who have HIGHER weights tend to exercise more.
22. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by your text as a disadvantage of trait theories?
*** A) The trait approach may explain behavior, but it does not predict it.
B) In the trait approach, decisions made by the factor analyst may be highly subjective.
C) Trait theories often provide more insight into the how much of personality than the how or the why.
D) Trait approaches may rely too heavily on accuracy of self reports.
23. Which of the following is FALSE about basic emotions?
A) They tend to be found in all cultures
*** B) Researchers have consistently found 12 basic emotions
C) People can generally recognize facial expressions associated with the basic emotions, even in people of different nationalities
D) The majority of basic emotions are negative
24. The term "infantile amnesia" refers to
A) an infant's inability to recall stimuli from one day to the next
B) an infant's inability to attribute meaning to the objects they perceive
C) the infant's lack of mediating neural circuits
*** D) the lack of explicit memory before the age of 3 or 4 years
25. Which of the following is NOT an axis of diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)?
A) an assessment of whether the person has a major mental disorder
*** B) an assessment of the individual's genetic risk of mental disorders
C) an assessment of environmental stressors that may affect the course of mental illness
D) an assessment of the individual's ability to function globally
26. Theorists of various persuasions often adopt a diathesis-stress model which proposes that an individual:
A) with a propensity for anxiety may be experiencing an over-activity of norepinephrine
B) who experiences stress is, in fact, "tuning" his or her psychological mechanisms
*** C) with an underlying vulnerability may exhibit symptoms under stressful circumstances
D) all of the above
27. Kelley and Libby are looking at photographs from their recent trip to Palm Springs. Based on Mira, Dermer & Knight's studies of photographs and the mere exposure effect, which of the following is likely to be true?
*** A) Kelley likes the regular photographs of Libby better than Libby likes the regular photographs of Libby.
B) Kelley likes the regular photographs of herself better than she likes the regular photographs of Libby.
C) Kelley likes the mirror image photographs of Libby better than Libby likes the mirror image photographs of Libby.
D) Libby likes the regular photographs of herself better than she likes the mirror image photographs of herself.
28. What's wrong with adopting a nature VERSUS nurture approach in psychology?
A) "Mother Nature bats last" -- in determining behavior, nurture ultimately has little role.
B) There are no psychological methods that help us to disentangle the relative contributions of nature and nurture, so it's counterproductive to attempt to do it.
C) Nature and nurture are really very much the same thing
*** D) Most behavior is caused by multiple sources -- to pick one as the "winner" may ignore other important determinants.
29. The Big 5 personality factors are:
A) based on Freud's theory of personality
B) so named because they are found on the 5 major continents of the world
*** C) not correlated with each other
D) a projective test of personality
30. An environmental variable that appears to have a tremendous impact on security of attachment is
*** A) the mother's sensitivity to her baby's signals
B) whether the mother breastfeeds her baby or not
C) whether a baby is raised by biological or adoptive parents
D) the age of the mother
31. The reason that psychologists are so interested in the incidence of various mental disorders in identical twins is that:
A) Being an identical twin is stressful and may contribute to one's likelihood of having a serious mental illness
B) Studying identical twins gives psychologists twice as many subjects to study
C) Identical twins are created when the mother's egg cell splits, and this split often weakens the genes of twins, making them more susceptible to mental illness.
*** D) Like other siblings, identical twins share an environment, but also have identical genes, which allows an assessment of the relative contribution of genes in mental illness
32. A person who is generally quite low on the neuroticism continuum may nevertheless tend to become extremely distressed after a loss, thus demonstrating _______________ behavior.
A) trait-by-situation
B) situation-by-situation
C) person-by-person
*** D) person-by-situation
33. Which of the following is FALSE about suicide?
A) The majority, but not all, suicides are committed by people who are depressed
B) The majority of people who commit suicide give cues that they are thinking about it
C) The majority of suicide attempts are unsuccessful
*** D) The majority of people who commit suicide do it for attention
34. Which of the following was raised as a possible explanation for the sex differences found in the incidence of depression?
A) Men get depressed more because they tend to experience more stress from their jobs
B) Men get depressed more because they have higher levels of androgens (male hormones)
*** C) Women get depressed more because they ruminate (dwell on worrisome thoughts) more
D) Women get depressed more because they tend to turn to alcohol more when troubled
35. An evolutionary psychologist would argue that our present day craving for sweets:
A) is adaptive in our current environment
B) is learned from the dozens of commercials for sugary snacks and fastfood we see
*** C) was passed down from ancestors who had adaptive eating habits when food wasn't very plentiful
D) explains why being thin is considered desirable -- because it's hard to achieve
36. Which of the following explains why bystanders are particularly UNLIKELY to help in emergency situations?
A) Because emergencies are crisis situations
B) Because bystanders aren't always sure whether the situation really is an emergency
C) Because bystanders who don't do anything provide a model for other bystanders to do nothing
*** D) All of the above
37. All of the mental disorders below are marked by distinctive cognitive changes and thought patterns. These cognitive changes are thought to be the result of having the disorder. However, for one of the disorders below, these thought patterns are not just symptoms; they are also considered by some to be the CAUSE of the disorder. For which disorder is this true?
*** A) depression
B) dissociative disorders
C) schizophrenia
D) obsessive compulsive disorder
38. From an evolutionary perspective, which of the following is FALSE about a .70 waist to hip ratio in women?
*** A) It is considered unattractive to men in cultures where larger women are considered sexy.
B) The fat that creates this ratio is a clue to how well a woman is likely to withstand the rigors of childbirth.
C) It is an indication that a girl has gone through puberty.
D) Men who were drawn to women with this ratio in the past were more likely to have offspring who survived and also found it attractive.
39. According to Zajonc's studies of mere exposure, if we have seen something several times before,
A) we will get tired of it and like it less
B) we will tend to like it better, but only if we remember having seen it before
C) we will eventually habituate to it and have a neutral attitude toward it
*** D) we will tend to like it better, even if we don't remember having seen it
40. Although Triplett's study of people racing was done at the turn of last century, what historical event marked the beginning of rapid growth in the field of social psychology?
A) The Civil War
B) World War I
*** C) World War II
D) The Cold War
41. Cross-cultural research suggests that the presence of "hot flashes"
A) is fairly universal in menopausal women
*** B) varies from culture to culture
C) is considered the most significant and negative of menopausal symptoms
D) appears to be more heavily influence by hereditary than cultural factors
42. Which of the following followup studies of cognitive dissonance would a developmental psychologist be most likely interested in?
*** A) Whether a theory of mind is a necessary precursor for experiencing cognitive dissonance
B) Whether dissonance is more likely to be felt when a person has publically committed to his or her belief
C) Whether adolescents who are considered conscientious by their friends are less likely to show cognitive dissonance than those who are not considered conscientious
D) Whether people who are in a state of chronic cognitive dissonance are more likely to abuse alcohol
43. Who were the real subjects in Milgram's obedience studies?
*** A) the teachers
B) the learners
C) the experimenters
D) the confederates
44. Neurobiological studies indicate that there is a similarity in brain EEG patterns between homosexual men and
A) homosexual females.
B) heterosexual males.
*** C) heterosexual females.
D) homosexual primates.
45. According to the author of the textbook, researchers must often strike a balance between internal and external validity because:
*** A) the more tightly a researcher controls what participants experience, the less the situation resembles "real life"
B) focusing too much on the outcome of a study can bias researchers' methodology and compromise the study's hypothesis
C) the more emphasis a researcher places on the constraints of a study, the less latitude s/he has to adjust the study's hypothesis
D) focusing too much on the implications of a study's findings can lead researchers to avoid "real life" issues raised by the study
46. What was the result of repeating Milgram's obedience studies off the Yale campus?
A) Subjects stopped giving shocks altogether
B) Subjects increased the level of shocks they gave
C) Subjects started shocking the experimenters
*** D) Subjects' obedience decreased, but didn't go away
47. Suppose a group of Anthony's friends are talking about unleashing an evil computer virus on the world. Under which circumstances is Anthony MOST likely to go along with the group?
A) Anthony thinks he is smarter than his friends.
B) Anthony has seven friends: 6 are in favor of unleashing the virus, 1 is not.
*** C) Anthony has three friends: all three are in favor of unleashing the virus.
D) Anthony has two friends: both of them are in favor of unleashing the virus.
48. Anna just turned five years old. Which of the following concepts has she probably NOT mastered yet?
A) object permanence
B) theory of mind
C) gender constancy
*** D) abstract analogy
49. Parental investment theory is an evolutionary theory that attempts to explain sex differences in mating behavior as being the result of:
A) The tendency of women (versus men) to be drawn toward caring for and nurturing children
*** B) The higher costs of becoming a parent that are incurred by women, as compared to men
C) The finding that fathers who invest more time in their children tend to love them more
D) The tendency for women to be more upset by the death of a child than men are
50. Which of the following is true about schizophrenics?
A) people with schizophrenia often have "split personalities"
*** B) people with schizophrenia have some genetic predisposition for the disorder
C) people with schizophrenia often are diagnosed in their early teens
D) all of the above
51. When "minimal groups" are created, such as the groups that Henri Tajfel formed based on supposed painting preferences, these groups:
A) have minimal or no impact on how people allocate resources
B) have minimal or no impact on how much people like each other
C) affect how much people like each other, but not how they allocate resources
*** D) affect how much people like each other, and also how they allocate resources
52. Eric tells his girlfriend he loves her, but then he cheats on her. Under which of the following circumstances would Eric be most likely to feel cognitive dissonance?
A) Being honest is not important to Eric's self-concept
B) Eric doesn't think his girlfriend will be hurt by the cheating
*** C) Eric doesn't get any opportunities for self-affirmation after cheating
D) Eric feels his girlfriend forced him to tell her he loves her
53. Bob and Carol's teenage son, Elliot, has asked them for permission to attend a weekend party at the beach house of a friend's parents. For reasons they will not discuss with their son, they've decided to withhold their consent, and inform Elliot of their decision. Elliot accepts the ruling without protest, as he's learned from experience that further discussion would not only be fruitless but also might result in punishment. Diana Baumrind would most likely describe Bob and Carol's parenting style as
A) abusive
B) authoritative
*** C) authoritarian
D) permissive
54. The meaning of physical discipline may vary within culture. For example, European-American children, compared to African-American children,
A) tend to have fewer behavioral problems when they are more heavily disciplined
*** B) tend to respond to harsh physical discipline with impulsive and aggressive behavior
C) tend to be less impulsive and aggressive, and better controlled when harshly disciplined
D) tend to react more favorably to permissive parenting than to authoritative parenting
55. A professor finds that her afternoon class does better than her morning class and concludes that students learn better in the afternoon and refuses to ever teach a class before noon again. Which of the following is NOT a possible CONFOUND in her conclusion?
A) There happened to be more upperclass students (seniors, juniors, etc.) in her afternoon class.
B) The professor's afternoon lectures were better because she had a chance to "practice" them.
*** C) The professor relied on standardized exam grades to measure how much students learned.
D) The university groundskeepers' schedule included mowing lawns outside the professor's classroom in the morning.
56. Which of the following is an example of an INFORMATIONAL reason for diffusion of responsibility when it comes to cleaning out a communally shared refrigerator in an office?
*** A) Thinking that because you have never seen anyone else in the office clean out the refrigerator, perhaps there is a maid who does it.
B) Thinking that you shouldn't have to get your hands all covered in moldy old food if no one else is.
C) Thinking that you don't have time to clean out the refrigerator.
D) Thinking that you don't want to be the one who has to make the decisions about what gets thrown out.
57. There is a tendency for the most critical aspects of homeostasis to be:
*** A) controlled automatically
B) controlled voluntarily
C) controlled manually
D) uncontrolled
58. When touched on the cheek, little Jenny, who is only a few hours old, turns her head and opens her mouth.
A) This is highly unusual at such a young age
B) This is common, although it requires a few hours to learn such a behavior
*** C) This is an adaptive reflex seen in newborns
D) This is an adaptive behavior typically learned immediately after birth, following only a few experiences with the nipple
59. In an experiment [a "true experiment"], the investigator:
A) focuses on manipulated variables and their effects on behavior
B) is interested in cause-effect relationships
C) manipulates some factor
*** D) all of the above
60. The thalamus transmits sensory information to the ____________, which are both capable of instigating aggression.
A) reticular formation and frontal lobes
*** B) amygdala and hypothalamus
C) parietal and somatosensory cortex
D) medulla oblongata and corpus callosum
61. Konrad Lorenz conducted studies in imprinting, the tendency of:
A) children to form attachments to caregivers during the first months of life
B) mothers to form a close emotional attachment to their babies during the first few hours after birth
C) young animals of certain species to imitate behaviors that promote survival and are demonstrated by their natural parents and others of the same species
*** D) young animals of certain species to follow an animal to which they were exposed during a sensitive period early in their lives
62. Judith is 61. She probably demonstrates all of the following except:
A) selective optimization with compensation
*** B) declines in crystallized intelligence
C) declines in fluid intelligence
D) declining response times on timed tasks
63. Which of the following is a characteristic problem with studies that use a cross sectional design?
A) You have to wait for your subjects to age
B) The same subjects participate more than once
*** C) Cohort effects
D) Self-serving bias
64. Which of the following is true about your instructor for this class?
A) She is frequently criticized for talking too slowly.
B) She really appreciates it when people get up and leave in the middle of class.
C) She spent a month in prison in October for shoplifting videos.
*** D) She really enjoyed teaching y'all and she hopes you have a wonderful holiday.