Discussion: Enlightenment, Politics, and Gender
Read and discuss Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract [Excerpts] (1762) [Canvas]
What
Was Enlightenment? Image: Title page of the first volume of the Encyclopédie, edited by Diderot and D'Alembert I. The Encyclopédie: Machine of Enlightenment II. Big Thinkers, Major Phases
Image:
Illustration
for “Histoire Naturelle” (Large Cats) Image: Frontispiece
of the Encyclopédie |
Identifications:
François-Marie
Arouet
de Voltaire (1694-1778), philosophe par
excellence John Locke (1637-1704) Sensationalism The Encyclopédie (1751-1772) Écrasez l'infâme!
(“Eradicate the Infamous Thing!”) |
Image: Godfrey Kneller, Portrait of John Locke (1697). Oil on canvas. 76x64 cm. Image source: CGFA. |
A
Republic
of Letters I. Alexis de Tocqueville Looks Back at the “Old Regime” II. European Society in the Eighteenth
Century III. Institutions of Enlightenment IV. The Formation of a Public Sphere |
Identifications:
Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859), author of The Old Regime and the French Revolution (1856) Ségur Ordinance (1781) Salons (Example: Madame Geoffrin in Paris, Princess Sophia Czartoryska in Warsaw, Rahel Varnhagen in Berlin) Scientific and Literary Academies Freemasonry “Notables”: a new class created from a fusion between the wealthiest strata of non-noble bourgeois with the old nobility “It is not always by going from bad to worse that a society falls into revolution...Feudalism at the height of its power had not inspired Frenchmen with so much hatred as it did on the eve of its collapse. The slightest acts of arbitrary power under Louis XVI seemed less easy to endure than all the despotism of Louis XIV.” Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution. Image right: Theodore Chasseriau, Charles-Alexis-Henri Clerel De Tocqueville (1850). Source: Allposters.com. |
I. The Reform Agenda of “Enlightened
Absolutism” Image: An Allegory of Frederick II, Protector of the Humble Serf II. Crisis and Collapse of the Old
Regime in France Image: An Allegory
on American Independence
|
|
Identifications:
Frederick II, King of Prussia
(1740-1786) Louis XV, King of France
(1715-1774) Anne-Robert Jacques Turgot, Contrôleur
Général
of Finance, 1774-1776 The Agenda of “Enlightened Absolutism”: Toleration for Religious Minorities Assembly of Notables (1787-1788)
The “Great Fear” of 1789 |
Image: Anne-Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron d'Aulne (1727-1781), Contrôleur Général of Finance, 1774-1776. |