• Chapter 1 and 22
• Chapter 2
• Chapter 4
• Chapter 14
• Chapter 16
• Chapter 18
• Chapter 19
• Chapter 20
• Chapter 21

• What are the terrestrial and giant planets?
• A theory for the origin of our solar system must explain five vital observations:  what are they?
• Describe the Chemical Condensation Sequence.
• Why is Earth's mantle enriched in the element magnesium relative to the crust and core?
• What terrestrial planets are alive/dead? What observations support this view?
• Which is older, our sun or the Earth?  What are the approximate ages?  How do we know this?
• What three phenomenon caused the early Earth to heat up?
• The Earth was initially homogeneous.  Why?
• Why did the Earth begin to differentiate?  What is differentiation?  What is the Iron catastrophe?
• The early atmosphere formed as a result of...
• Why study other planets?
• The solar system had 4 formational stages.  Each is listed below.  What happened during each stage?
• Formation of solar nebula
• Condensation to planetary materials
• Accretion into planets
• Individual planetary evolution.
• Name the four factors that affect the evolutionary course of an individual planet.
• What are the 3 types of tectonic boundaries?

Chapter 2 (Rock Record and Geologic Time Scale)

• What is time?
• What is geologic time?
• What is the geologic time scale?
• What is the stratigraphic time scale?
• Steno formulated three principles:  What are they?
• What is Hutton's principle of uniformitarianism?
• What is stratification?
• Why is a sill concordant and a dike discordant?
• The law of Faunal Assemblages (Succession) states what?
• What is the half-life of a decaying element?
• What is an isotope, a parent, and a daughter element?
• What is atomic weight and atomic number?
• How can the atomic clocks be 'reset'?
• What is the Precambrian era?

Chapter 4 (Folds, Faults, and other Records of Deformation)

• Terms related to local deformation:
• Confining Pressure:
• Brittle:
• Ductile:
• Elastic:
• What are 3 factors that affect the style of deformation; how do they affect deformation?
• Definitions to know:
• Folds:
• Anticline:
• Syncline:
• Monocline
• Limbs:
• Axial Plane:
• Axis:
• Plunging Fold:
• Asymmetrical:
• Overturned:
• Recumbent:
• Domes:
• Basins:
• Fold Belt:
• Fractures and Faults:
• Joint:
• Fault:
• Dip-slip:
• Strike-slip:
• Oblique-slip:
• Normal Fault:
• Reverse Fault:
• Thrust Fault:
• Graben:
• Horst:
• Slickenslides:
• Igneous Intrusions and Metamorphism:
• Sill:
• Laccolith:
• Dikes:
• Metamorphism:

Chapter 14 (Internal Heat of the Earth)

• What is heat?
• What is temperature?
• Heat can be transferred by 3 processes:  what are they?  Which is slow, fast, and relatively unimportant to the Earth?
• What is a convection cell?
• Why does material move in a convection cell?
• Why does conduction limit the rate of heat transport between the core-mantle boundary?
• What is the ultimate source of energy for geologic activity?
• Radioactive heat sources are concentrated (in a relative sense) in the ....
• If most of the radioactive elements are concentrated in the continents, then why is most of the heat generated by radioactive decay coming from the mantle?
• What is the coefficient of thermal expansion?  Why is it important?
• If the coefficient of thermal expansion were negative would a hot rock sink or rise?
• What mechanism of heat transfer is most likely to be of greatest significance in Earth's interior?  How about the surface of the Earth?  What about the boundary between convective cells?
• The rate of heat flow by conduction depends on what two factors?
• If it takes 1 minute for heat to conduct through a hot pad 1 inch thick, how long does it take to go through a similar pad 4 inches thick?
• What is buoyancy?  How can heat influence buoyancy?
• Draw a curve of heat flow across a mid ocean ridge, a trench, a volcanically active area and the continental shield.
• What is a hot spot?  Where is it likely to originate?  What is that depth?
• What is a geotherm?
• Accretion by planetesimals generates heat by transfer of what type of energy?
• Heat-flow observations require measurements of rock conductivity and
• The area most likely to have the highest heat flow is
• Define convection

• Definitions important to understanding the magmatism and volcanism
• Lithosphere:
• Asthenosphere: (What seismic properties define this region?)
• Mesosphere:
• Upper Mantle:
• Lower Mantle:
• Magma:
• Lava:
• Ash:
• Where is the primitive rock located that gives rise to gabbros and basalts?
• How much partial melting, by percent, usually occurs within the asthenosphere?
• Volcanic Deposits:
•  Variations in composition is one way to categorize different types of volcanic deposits
• Felsic:
• Intermediate:
• Mafic:
• Ultramafic:
• For the following Lava-Magma pairs define their compositional type:
• Ryholite and Granite:
• Andesite and Diorite:
• Basalt and Gabbro:
•  Texture is another way to categorize different types of magmas or lavas:
• What physical property controls texture and how?:
• Glass:
• Fine grained:
• Coarse grained:
• Lave Flows
• Lava Flows Categorized by their Surficial Appearance:
• Pahoehoe:
• AA:
• Pillow Lavas:
• Hand Scale Features used for classification:
• Vesicles:
• Pumice:
• Xenoliths:
• Outcrop Scale Features used for classification:
• Joints:
• Columnar jointing:
• Lava Caves:
• Lava Tubes:
• Pyroclastic Deposits
• What three factors make magmas explosive:
• Pyroclasts (Dust, Ash, and Bombs):
• Volcanic Tuffs:
• Volcanic Breccias:
• Nuee Ardente (How fast?):
• Welded Tuffs:
• Ignimbrites:
• Eruptive Styles:
• Fissure Eruptions:
• Flood Basalts:
• Ignimbrite Sheets:
• How do compositional variations give rise to flood basalts and ignimbrite sheets?
• Central Eruptions:
• Vent, Pipe:
• Cone:
• Shield Volcano:
• Cinder Cones:
• Composite or Stratovolcano:
• Craters:
• Calderas:
• Resurgent Calderas:
• Diatreme (How fast?):
• Lahar:
• Juvenile Gas:

• What is a seismic surface wave?
• What are the differences between a seismic reflection and refraction experiment?
• Where do the deepest earthquakes occur?
• How large can a fault plane be?
• What is the Richter scale?
• Relatively speaking a Richter magnitude 8 is how many times larger than a Richter magnitude 5?
• What is the elastic rebound theory?
• What is a seismometer?
• Great earthquakes occur how often?
• In what types of tectonic environments would you expect to see a normal, thrust, and strike-slip earthquake?
• A seismicity chart shows what?
• How do seismologists infer stress patterns from earthquakes?
• How do we know that the Earth's outer core is liquid?
• What is seismic tomography?
• How could it be used to study the East Pacific Rise?
• What does a seismic wave transfer?
• What is a seismic ray?  Is it real, like a wave?
• Which is most destructive: a P wave and S wave or a surface wave?

• What is a dipole?  Why is the Earth's magnetic field like a dipole?
• What is secular variation?
• The Earth's magnetic field originates from motion of what?
• What is a polarity reversal?  Are the reversals regular or by chance?
• What is the Curie point?
• What is thermoremnant magnetization?  Depositional remnant magnetization?
• What is apparent polar wander?
• What is magnetic stratigraphy?
• What is the difference between a magnetic epoch and an event?
• From measurements of the remnant magnetization of a rock can you determine the latitude and longitude of where it formed?
• Why is the seafloor like a tape recorder?
• What is a seafloor isochron?

Crust
Mantle
Universe
Galaxy
Solar system
Nebula
Asteroid meteoroid meteorite Ecliptic
Regolith Astrobleme Maria Mascons
Planetesimal Plate Tectonics Sea-floor spreading
Faunal Succession lithology unconformity magma
intrusive extrusive angular unconformity
transgression regression
Adiabatic Process Adiabatic compression
Epicenter Hypocenter P wave S wave
Fault Plane Moho
Inclination Declination Geographic North
Magnetic north

Asthenosphere	Lithosphere	Crust	Mantle	Universe