Some Studies Using the Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey (BBTS)

Please send citations of studies using the BBTS to Jennifer Freyd at jjf@dynamic.uoregon.edu

History:

Lewis Goldberg and Jennifer Freyd created the BBTS in 1999. Prior to the BBTS, Jennifer Freyd and Anne DePrince had developed the Betrayal Trauma Inventory (BTI). The BBTS was designed to be much shorter than the BTI, while stilll useful for measuring exposure to betrayal trauma. During the winter and spring of 2000 the BBTS-12 was administered to the first sample by Goldberg and Freyd. The BBTS-14 was administered to the same sample in 2003. The results of these first two administrations of the BBTS are reported in Goldberg and Freyd (2006). The instrument was also used by Freyd and her students in other projects, and by other researchers as well. In some of the early reports the instrument was called the "Freyd-Goldberg" and by various other names.

Goldberg, LR. & Freyd, J.J. (2006). Self-reports of potentially traumatic experiences in an adult community sample: Gender differences and test-retest stabilities of the items in a Brief Betrayal-Trauma Survey. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7(3), 39-63.
Freyd, J.J. & Goldberg, L.R. (2004) Gender difference in exposure to betrayal trauma. Presentation at the 20th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA, November 14-18, 2004.

Additional Published Studies with BBTS Data (Note this list is currently out of date -- needs updating).

Antonopoulou, C., & Skoufalos, N. (2006) Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of trafficking. Annals of General Psychiatry, 2006, 5(Suppl 1).
Barlow, M. R., & Cromer, L. D. (2006). Trauma-relevant characteristics in a university human subjects pool population: Gender, major, betrayal, and latency of participation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7(2), 59-76.
Becker-Blease, K.A. & Freyd, J.J., & Pears, K.C. (2004). Preschoolers' memory for threatening information depends on trauma history and attentional context: Implications for the development of dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5, 113-131.
Becker-Blease, K.A. & Freyd, J.J. (2008). A Preliminary Study of ADHD Symptoms and Correlates: Do Abused Children Differ from Non-Abused Children? Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma, 17(1), 133-140.
Cromer, L.D. & Freyd, J.J. (2007). What influences believing abuse reports? The roles of depicted memory persistence, participant gender, trauma history, and sexism. Psychology of Women's Quarterly, 3, 13-22.
Cromer, L.D., Freyd, J.J., Binder, A., DePrince, A.P., & Becker-Blease, K.A (2006). What's the risk in asking? Participant reaction to trauma history questions compared with other personal questions. Ethics & Behavior, 16, 347-362.
DePrince, A.P. (2005) Social cognition and revictimization risk. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 6, 125-141.
DePrince, A.P. & Freyd, J.J. (2004). Forgetting trauma stimuli. Psychological Science, 15, 488-492.
DePrince, A.P. & Freyd, J.J. (2004) Costs and benefits of being asked about trauma history. Journal of Trauma Practice, 4(3), 23-35.
Freyd, J.J., Klest, B., & Allard, C.B. (2005) Betrayal trauma: Relationship to physical health, psychological distress, and a written disclosure intervention. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6(3), 83-104.
Klest, B. K. & Freyd, J.J. (2007). Global Ratings of Essays About Trauma: Development of the GREAT Code, and Correlations with Physical and Mental Health Outcomes. Journal of Psychological Trauma, 6(1), 1-20.
Goldsmith, R. & Freyd, J.J. (2005) Awareness for emotional abuse. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5(1), 95-123.
Stewart, L.P. & White, P.M. (2007) Sensory filtering phenomenology in PTSD. Depression and Anxiety, 25(1), 38-45.

Dissertations with BBTS Data (Needs updating)

Allard, C.B. (2007). The Role of Betrayal and Culture on Trauma Sequelae in a Japanese Sample. Doctoral dissertation. University of Oregon: Eugene, OR.
Barlow, M.R.. (2005). Memory and Fragmentation in Dissociative Identity Disorder. Doctoral dissertation. University of Oregon: Eugene, OR.
Becker, K.A. (2002). Attention and Traumatic Stress in Children. Doctoral dissertation. University of Oregon: Eugene, OR.
Cromer, L.D. (2006). Factors that Influence the Believing of Child Sexual Abuse Disclosures. Doctoral dissertation. University of Oregon: Eugene, OR.
DePrince, A. P. (2001). Trauma and posttraumatic responses: An examination of fear and betrayal. Doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon: Eugene, OR.
Goldsmith, R.. (2004). Physical and Emotional Healh Effects of Betrayal Trauma: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adults . Doctoral dissertation. University of Oregon: Eugene, OR.
Penza, KM (2002) Cortisol recovery from stress: The roles of childhood abuse, recent adversity, and affect among depressed and never-depressed women. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oregon: Eugene, OR.

Some Other Completed Studies with BBTS Data (Needs updating):

Allard, C. A., Freyd, J. J., & Goldberg, L. R. (2005). Are All Traumatic Events Equal? Further Research Using the BBTS. Poster presented at the
21st Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Toronto ON, Canada, November 2-5, 2005.
Allard, C.B., Freyd, J.J., & Momiyama, T. (2004) Exploring the Potential of Pennebaker's Writing Paradigm on Betrayal Trauma Sequelae. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, 28 July - 1 August, 2004.
Barlow, M.R., & Freyd, J.J. (2001) Implicit, explicit, and procedural memory in high and low dissociators. Poster presented at the Psychonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, November 15-18, 2001.
Binder, A., Cromer, L.D., & Freyd, J.J. (2004) What's the harm in asking? Participant reaction to trauma history questions compared with other personal questions. Poster presented at the 20th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA, November 14-18, 2004.
Cromer, L.D., & Freyd, J.J. (2004. Believability Bias in Judging Memories for Abuse. Poster presented at tthe 20th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA, November 14-18, 2004.
Graver, C.J. (2003). Gender differences in stress and coping responses following an MVA. Presented at the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Vancouver, BC, May 2003.
Gray, M., Cromer, L, Freyd, J.J. (2005) Betrayal trauma, acculturation & historical grief in Native Americans. Poster presented at the 21st
Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, November 2-5, 2005.
Kanazawa, A., White, P., Stewart, L., Smid, D. Kessner, & M. Hancock, K. (2004) Gender, Betrayal Trauma Exposure, and Sensory Filtering Impairments. Poster presented at the 20th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, New Orleans, LA, November 14-18, 2004.
Kieras, J. & Freyd, J.J.(2003) Dissociating, Attending, and Remembering. Poster presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Vancouver, Canada, November 6-9, 2003.
Klest, B. & Freyd, J.J. (2005) Dissociation and Memory for Neutral and traumatic Stories. Poster presented at the 21st Annual Meeting of the
International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, November 2-5, 2005.
Zurbriggen, E. L., Quina, K., & Freyd, J. J. (2001). Sexual assertiveness, condom use, and attitudes towards women: Gender differences and similarities. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA. About 420 undergrads completed the BBTS, August 2001.

Please send citations of studies using the BBTS to Jennifer Freyd at jjf@dynamic.uoregon.edu

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