Marker Scale Items (English translations) for Factor Constructs from Previous Studies, Used in Chinese Lexical Study (with Xinyue Zhou and colleagues)

ONE FACTOR MODEL

SD (Socially Desirable Qualitiesw)
Honest, Responsible, Patient, Clever/Deft, Warm, Sociable/Agreeable Vs. Cruel, Disorganized, Irritable, Corrupted

TWO FACTOR MODELS 

S (Social Propriety or Morality)
Patient, Responsbile, Incorruptness/Cleanhanded, Forgiving (Tolerant) Vs. Harsh, Cruel, Irritable, Rude, Selfish
D (Dynamism)
Humorous, Bold, Talkative, Clever/Deft, Sociable/Agreeable, Sexy Vs. Shy/Bashful, Dull, Timid

INTERNALIZING-EXTERNALIZING FACTOR DUO

Internalizing Disorder Tendencies
Depressed, Fearful, Nervous, Sad, Anxious, Withdrawn Vs. Energetic
Externalizing Disorder Tendencies
Impulsive, Careless, Aggressive/Assertive, Rogue Daring, Vicious/Cutthroat Vs. Honest, Responsible, Considerate

THREE FACTOR MODEL

See Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientious markers from Big Five below.

BIG FIVE (based on 3M40 from Saucier, 2002)

E
Extraversion, Talkative, Assertive, vs. Introverted, Quiet, Shy, Reserved, Withdrawn
A
Undemanding, Kind, Sentimental, Forgiving (Tolerant) vs. Harsh, Unsympathetic, Cold
C
Organized, Meticulous, Cautious vs. Disorganized, Negligent, Inefficient
ES (emotional stability vs neuroticism)
Unexcitable/Composed, Not Envious vs. Emotional, Fearful,Nervous, Fretful, Anxious
Intellect/Imagination (O)
Intellectual, Complex, Sagacious/Philosophical vs. Unintellectual, Unreflective

CROSS-LANGUAGE SIX (based on Ashton et al, 2004)
H
Honest, Humble, Sincere, Virtue and Morality, Dependable (Trustworthy) vs. Sly, Greedy
E
Emotional, Sentimental, Anxious vs. Brave, Unemotional, Tough
X
Lively, Talkative/Conversational, Sociable/Agreeable vs. Untalkative
A
Patient, Gentle, Good-tempered, Forgiving (Tolerant) vs. Impatient, Irritable
C
Hardworking, Organized, Neat vs. Impulsive, Lazy
O
Intellectual, Imaginative vs. Unintellectual, Unimaginative, Conservative

MULTI-LANGUAGE SEVEN (Saucier, 2003a)

Gr (gregariousness)
Talkative/Conversational, Sociable/Agreeable vs. Quiet, Untalkative, Serious, Withdrawn
Sa (self-assurance)
Brave, Active, Confident, Tough vs. Fearful, Weak, Insecure
Et (even-temper)
Patient, Undemanding vs. Impatient, Quick-tempered, Irritable, Jealous
Cfo (concern for others)
Generous, Humble, Helpful, Sentimental vs. Selfish, Big-head/Arrogant, Hard-hearted
Co (conscientiousness)
Neat, Diligent/Thrifty, Meticulous, Strict, Pious vs. Sloppy, Forgetful
Ov (originality/virtuosity)
Artistic, Sagacious/Philosophical, Imaginative, Intelligent and Capable vs. Unreflective, Ordinary , Unsophisticated, Unimaginative
Nv (negative valence; social unacceptability)
Abnormal, Crazy, Evil, Idiot, Odd vs. Uncorrupted, Dependable (Trustworthy)

Emic Chinese Factors 

Personality Structure of Wang et al.   
Cui, H., & Wang, D.F. (2003). The Confirmation of Chinese Personality Structure and The Result of Adjective Ratings. Studies of Psychology and Behavior,1 (2), 89-95.
1、	精明干练 Wisdom（15）
自信self-confident/confident
精明 astute/shrewd/smart/bright/sagacious/sharp/adiriot
深谋远虑be circumspect and far seeing /have forethought and foresight /think deeply and plan carefully
软弱 week/effete/feeble/ineffective/feckless
温文尔雅refined/cultured/gentle and cultivated/pleasant and courteous
土气rustic style/rustic/uncouth/countrified
自卑self-abased
机伶clever/smart/sharp/intelligent
畏缩 recoil/flinch
机智 resourceful
死板rigid/stiff/inflexible
迟钝slow/obtuse/slow-witted/dull-witted
胆小timid/cowardly/faint-hearted/chicken-hearted
潇洒natural and unrestrained/elegant and unconventional/handsome and debonair/great presence
处事周到attentive/thoughtful/considerate/solicitous

2、	严谨自制 Behavior Style(20)
谨言慎行watch your step and mind what you are saying/speak and act cautiously/be cautious with one’s words and actions/be discreet in word and deed
敬业dedication/commitment/devotion
懒惰lazy/indolent
耐心patient/patience/endurance
认真conscientious/earnest/serious/seriousness
稳重steady going/steady/staid/sedate
成熟mature/ripen/be full-grown
老练seasoned/experienced
谦虚modesty
冲动impulse
粗心careless/thoughtless/inadvertent
刻苦耐劳assiduous/hardworking
调皮naughty/mischievous
有条理properly and logically arranged/methodical/systematic/orderly
毅力willpower/will/stamina/tenacity
冒冒失失rash/abrupt/thoughtless/without due consideration
努力make an effort/efforts/exert oneself(to do sth)/ be at pains(to do sth)
迷糊blurred/indistinct/misted/muddled/confused/dazed/muddle-headed
节俭thrift/thrifty/frugal
勤劳diligent/industrious/hardworking

3、	外向活跃 Extroversion(18)
乐观optimism/hopeful/sanguine
活泼lively/vivacious/vivid
积极positive/active/energetic/vigorous
开朗sanguine/optimistic
内向introverted
热情enthusiasm/warmth/zeal/zest/ardour  
多愁善感be sentimental/emotional/sensitive
合群get on well with others/be sociable/gregarious
消极negative/passive/inactive
沉默reticent/ taciturn/ silent/ uncommunicative/ undemonstrative
害羞shy/bashful
含蓄reserved
健谈 brilliant in conversation/talkative
善交际sociable   
主动on one’s own initiative/of one’s own accord
好静serene/placid
忧郁melancholy/heavy-hearted/somber/dejected
拘谨overcautious/reserved/stiff/punctilious

4、	淡泊诚信 Ways of Life(13)
诚实honesty/truthful/trusty/veracious
老实honest/frank
大方generous/liberal/large-handed/easy/natural and poised
自私selfish/self-centered/egoistic
宽宏大量broad-minded/magnanimous/having a large heart
诚恳sincere/genuine
淳朴honest/modest/simple/unsophisticated
光明磊落upright and honourable
斤斤计较haggle over every ounce/be calculating and unwilling to make the smallest sacrifice
善良good and honest/kind hearted
贪心greed/avarice/rapacity
小心眼的selfish/scheming
爽快refreshed/comfortable/frank/straight/forward/outright

5、	温顺随和 Interpersonal Relations (6)
强悍fierce/intrepid/doughty
温柔gentle and soft/sweet/mild
随和amiable/easy-going
脆弱fragile/frail/weak/vulnerable/delicate
粗暴rude/rough/crude/brutal/savage/violent/coarse/boorish
威猛 brave and fierce

6、	善良友好 Well-Disposed(4)
好脾气good temper
急躁irritable/irascible/testy/hot-tempered/impetuous/rash/impatient
暴躁irascible/irritable/fiery/testy/explosive/hot/inflammable/volcanic
易怒 irritable

7、	热情豪爽 Neuroticism(3)
胸无大志have no ambition/ideal at all/cherish no aspirations/ambitions/aims
充满斗志will to fight/fighting spirit/morale/fight
勇往直前march right ahead courageously/ march forward without hesitation/set off at a ruthless pace/ advance bravely

Chinese Five-factor Structure
Terms from Yang and Bond

1. social-orientation	--self-centeredness

诚实      honest
狡猾      sly
负责      responsible
自私      selfish
仁慈      gracious
顽皮      naughty
和善      good and gentle
真诚      cordial
友好      friendly
严厉      harsh
贪心      greedy
好人      kind
德高望重  morally clean
坦率      frank
冷酷      ruthless

2. competence-impotence

独立      independent
勇敢      brave
能干      capable
聪明      smart
庸俗      vulgar
孩子气    childish
机敏      tactful
肤浅      shallow
害羞      shy
坚定      determined
傻        foolish
迟钝      dull
胆怯      timid
坚定      resolute and firm
睿智      wise
敏捷      quick and sharp

3. expressiveness-conservatism

慷慨      generous
保守      conservative
固执      stubborn
活泼      vivacious
开朗      optimistic
内向      introverted
热情      passionate
宽宏大量  broad-minded
亲切      gracious
健谈      talkative
冷漠      indifferent
严肃      solemn
正直      straightforward
严格      rigid
守旧      old-fashioned

4. self-control-impulsiveness

沉稳      steady
偏激      extreme
谦虚      modest
任性      headstrong
冲动      impulsive
光明正大  upright and correct
镇定      self-possessed
文静      quite and refined
易怒      irritable
顽固      stubborn

5. optimism-neuroticism

乐观      optimistic
悲观      pessimistic
忧心      worrying
敏感      sensitive
焦虑      anxious
自怜      self-pitying
喜怒无常      moody
高兴      pleasant
自信      self-confident