Version: November 13, 2011: This page will be updated after Wednesday's (November 16, 2011) class.

Test 2, November 18, 2011
Astronomy 123

Material:Topic 3: Normal Galaxies (Final parts of Milky Way and normal galaxies, Topic 4: Active Galactic Nuclei (Chapters 24 & 25), Topic 5, World Views of the Universe (Chapters 26), Topic 6, History of the Universe (Chapters 26 and 27), Observations and the Fate of the Universe (Chapters 24-26)

Normal Galaxies and the Milky Way Galaxy:
- A black hole lives in the center of the Milky Way galaxy. What is a black hole? What are the properties of nonrotating black holes (Schwarzschild black holes) and rotating black holes (Kerr black holes). What is the Penrose mechanism? What is Cosmic Censorship?
- What are the properties of the black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy? What are Event Horizon, singularity, Schwarzschild radius, static limit, ergosphere?
- What are the properties of the black hole at the center of our Galaxy? What are S2 and S6? What is Sgr A? Where is Sgr A? What are tidal forces?
- What are Population I stars? What are Population II stars? What are Population III stars?
- What are galactic rotation curves (what kinds of rotation curves did I discuss in class)? What is the significance of the fact that most rotation curves are nearly flat at large distances from the centers of the gaalxies (the galaxy spins at nearly the same speed at large distances as at small distances from its center)?
- How do the mass estimates from rotation curve affect the question of the amount of Dark Matter in our Galaxy?
- What are MACHOs? Where are MACHOs found? How are MACHOs detected? (What is gravitational lensing?) What fraction of the Dark Matter is contained in MACHOs?
- Sketch the Hubble Tuning Fork diagram, be sure to include schematic representations of ellipticals, spirals, barred spirals, S0s & SB0s (lenticulars), and Irregulars, By schmeatic, I mean indicate the flattening of ellipticals, bulge sizes, and the tightness of the winding of spiral arms. Hubble Galaxy Classification scheme (24.1) Is the Hubble Tuning Fork diagram an evolutionary sequence? (Do galaxies evolve from one Hubble class to another?)
- What is the extragalacitc distance ladder? What is the Tully-Fisher method (how does it work)? How do Cepheid variables fit into the extragalctic distance ladder? What are the most important ways to determine distances to distant objects?
- Describe how objects cluster in the Universe. Describe the properties of clusters of galaxies (such as Virgo and Coma). Why are there no spirals found near the centers of rich clusters of galaxies? What are cD galaxies? Why are supergiant Elliptical galaxies often times found near the centers of rich clusters of galaxies? How were observations of galaxy clusters used to detect Dark Matter? Who was the first astronomer to suggest the existence of Dark Matter? (What is meant by Dark Matter?)
- What is the look-back time?`The look-back time, distances to objects can be misleading, why? What is a more well-defined way to describe the location of distant objects in the Universe?
- What are voids, filaments, and the Sloan Great Wall? How were these features detected? Do these observed structures obviate the Cosmological Principle as a viable asuumption for the nature of the Universe? Why or why not.
Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs)
- Describe the different families of bright AGNs. Which class is the most luminous? Which classes are found in normal galaxies (or are all AGNs found in normal galaxies)?
- What observed features of AGNs make them difficult to understand? Are AGNs such bizarre objects that are considered to be completely outside the realm of normal galaxies or are they considered to extreme examples of normal galactic evolution? Upon what evidence is the answer to the preceding question based?
- How can the Hubble Law used to find distances?
- What are the models used to explain the efficient energy production of AGNs? What evidence supports our picture of the energy engines of AGNs?
- What are supermassive Black Holes? Describe the evidence that the Universe contains supermassive Black Holes. Describe the supermassive Black Hole in the nucleus of our Galaxy. How are supermassive Black Holes thought to be produced? How efficient are black holes as energy engines? What fuels the black holes found in AGNs? What is the radius of 1 billion Solar mass black hole? Desribe the relationship between supermassive black holes and the bulges of the galaxies in which they are found. What is the significance of this relationship?
- How efficient are black holes as energy engines? What fuels the black holes found in AGNs? What is the radius of 1 billion Solar mass black hole? Desribe the relationship between supermassive black holes and the masses of the bulges of the galaxies in which they are found. What is the significance of this relationship? Why do AGNs turn-off as they age?
Models for the Universe
- Olbers's Paradox concerns the darkness of the night sky. Explain the nature of the paradox, that is, state the assumptions used, and outline the argument which leads to the conundrum. Explain how the Big Bang theory leads to the resolution of Olbers's paradox.
- What primary assumption underlies Friedman's models for the Universe? List Friedman's models for the Universe. Describe a test that allows us to choose the appropriate Friedman model for the Universe.
- In terms of spacetime, describe each of Friedman's models for the Universe. In what type of Friedman universe are we thought to live? Which universe is a closed universe (and what does this mean)? Which universe is an open universe (and what does this mean)?
- How can we distinguish open, closed, and flat universes? Describe the tests and the results of the tests described in class. Describe the behavior of parallel lines, triangles in the different Friedman models.
- Interpret and explain the Hubble Law in the context of an expanding Universe. Describe cosmological redshift. How does the cosmological redshift fit in with the Hubble Law?
- What is the Horizon Problem? What is the Flatness Problem? What is the Matter/Anti-Matter Asymmetry Problem? How does inflation address each of these problems?
- Carefully describe Inflation and describe the mysteries of the Universe that Inflation solves and explain how Inflation solves the problems.
- What are the four known forces of the current Universe? Have there always been only four distinct forces (four distinct ways in which things interact) in the Universe? If not, how has the situation evolved?
- What forces play dominant roles in the evolution of the Universe? How does the changing number of forces as the Universe evolves lead to inflation?
History of the Universe
- How old is the Universe? How do we arrive at this age estimate? How old are the oldest stars in the galaxy? Is there a problem with this age for the oldest stars?
- What is the correct order for the radiation era, the matter era, and the dark energy era? When did the transitions from era to era occur? What is meant by radiation era, matter era, and dark energy era?
- Describe how the Universe evolved starting from the Planck Era to the GUT epoch to the Quark Era to the lepton era to the Nuclear (Nucleosynthesis) Era, and to the formation of the CMBR.
- What is the Compton wavelength? What defines the Planck Era? How long did the Planck era last? Why did the Planck era end?
- Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. When were the chemical elements present in the Universe formed? Why were they not formed earlier? What chemical elements were produced in the Big Bang? Why weren't elements like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen produced in the Big Bang? What is the significance of the detection of deuterium?
- What is meant by symmetry breaking? What were the various symmetry breakings which occurred in the evolution of the Universe? What are GUTs?
- What are quarks, gluons, leptons, and baryons? Why dd the Quark era end? When did pair production of baryons end?
- What is Recombination? When did it occur? What does it have to do with the CMBR?
- What is pair production? What is annihilation? Physicaly, what is the meaning of E = mc²? How do these notions lead to conundrum of the the Matter/Anti-Matter Asymmetry? How do we estimate the size of the Matter/Anti-Matter Asymmetry?
- What are virtual pairs? What is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle? How does the notion of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle lead to virtual pairs.
- What is inflation? When and why does inflation occur? What mysteries does inflation solve? How is inflation able to resolve these issues?
- Cosmological Constant. How do virtual pairs lead to a possible explantion for the Cosmological Constant? How does a matter particle differ from its anti-matter twin? We say that the Cosmological Constant corresponds to negative pressure. Explain this comment.
Weighing the Universe and Determining the Expansion Rate for the Universe
- Describe how the following methods used to determine the ultimate fate of the Universe work:
  - Comparison of the mass of the Universe to the escape speed of the Universe. What is the result of these studies? How does it compare to the following two studies?
  - Examination of the behavior of the Hubble Law at large z. How is the Hubble Law at large z determined? What standard candles are used for this exercise? What is the fate of the Universe implied by these results?
  - Comparison of the models of the Universe to the CMBR. How did WMAP use the small fluctuations in the CMBR to determine the dark matter content of the Universe? What is the dopole anisotropy? What does the CMBR say about the efficacy of inflation as a model for the early expansion of the Universe?
- What is current best model for the Universe? What is the Universe composed of for the best model?
- Describe the methods used to determine the mass (in galaxies, binary galaxies, clusters of galaxies, from peculiar motions, from gravitational lensing) of the Universe. How much mass (in terms of the critical density) is found in these studies? How are these results reconsiled with the fact that there is strong evidence (from other methods) which imply that the Universe is flat, that is, the Universe has the critical density?
- How is the expansion rate of the Universe determined? What is the most difficult aspect in the determination of the expansion rate of the Universe?
- What is the extragalactic distance ladder? What is the Tully-Fisher method (how does it work)? How do Cepheids fit into the scheme? What are other ways to determine distances of distant objects? How do TYpe Ia SN fit into the extragalactic distance ladder?
- Describe how objects cluster in the Universe. Describe the properties of clusters of galaxies (such as Virgo and Coma). Why are there no spirals found near the centers of rich clusters of galaxies? What are cD galaxies? Why are supergiant Elliptical galaxies often times found near the centers of rich clusters of galaxies? How were observations of galaxy clusters used to detect Dark Matter? Who was the first astronomer to suggest the existence of Dark Matter? (What is meant by Dark Matter?)
- What are voids, filaments, and the Sloan Great Wall? How were these features detected? Does the observed structure in the Universe rule out the Cosmological Principle as a viable asuumption concerning the nature of the Universe? Why or why not. Is the structure observed in the Universe consistent with the CMBR observations?
Weighing the Universe and Determining the Expansion Rate for the Universe
- Describe the methods used to determine the mass (in galaxies, binary galaxies, clusters of galaxies, from peculiar motions, from gravitational lensing) of the Universe. How much mass (in terms of the critical density) is found in these studies? How are these results reconsiled with the fact that there is strong evidence (from other methods) which imply that the Universe is flat, that is, the Universe has the critical density?
- How is the expansion rate of the Universe determined? What is the most difficult aspect in the determination of the expansion rate of the Universe?
- What is the extragalactic distance ladder? What is the Tully-Fisher method (how does it work)? How do Cepheids fit into the scheme? What are other ways to determine distances of distant objects? How do TYpe Ia SN fit into the extragalactic distance ladder?
- Describe how objects cluster in the Universe. Describe the properties of clusters of galaxies (such as Virgo and Coma). Why are there no spirals found near the centers of rich clusters of galaxies? What are cD galaxies? Why are supergiant Elliptical galaxies often times found near the centers of rich clusters of galaxies? How were observations of galaxy clusters used to detect Dark Matter? Who was the first astronomer to suggest the existence of Dark Matter? (What is meant by Dark Matter?)
- What are voids, filaments, and the Sloan Great Wall? How were these features detected? Does the observed structure in the Universe rule out the Cosmological Principle as a viable asuumption concerning the nature of the Universe? Why or why not. Is the structure observed in the Universe consistent with the CMBR observations?