Work
Related to Direct Instruction
In
2008 as I began to retire from teaching I joined the National Institute for
Direct Instruction (NIFDI)
in a part-time position as their Director of Research. NIFDI is a non-profit
organization that provides technical assistance to schools implementing Direct
Instruction (DI) instructional programs. DI was first developed in the 1960s by
Siegfried Engelmann and colleagues in work with pre-school children from highly
impoverished backgrounds. Over the years, it expanded to include a range of
programs for students of varying backgrounds and abilities from pre-school to
high school. DI is based on the assumption that all students can learn if they
are given appropriate instruction.
As
the culmination to this work I published an extensive meta-analysis of the
effectiveness literature with colleagues Tim Wood, Cristy Coughlin, and Caitlin
Rasplica Khoury. We analyzed results from over 500 research reports, testing
our conclusions with two different methods of analysis and with a wide range of
control variables. Chapters in the book examine the historical development of
DI, methodological issues in summarizing results of interventions, and factors
related to effective change in education. (Link
to Publisher). A shorter article summarizes the work and the
important policy implications.
(Read it)
In
addition to the extensive data analyses I developed an on-line calculator
that policy makers, parents, and school officials can use to easily compute
statistics to assess the impact of educational innovations, including effect
sizes, improvement indexes, and tests of significance. The Educational Impact
Calculator can be accessed by clicking
here.
Publications
related to my work with DI are given below.
Books and Monographs
(Authored)
All Students Can Succeed: A Half Century of
Research on the Effectiveness of Direct Instruction. Jean Stockard, Timothy
W. Wood, Cristy Coughlin, and Caitlin Rasplica Khoury. Lexington Books/Rowman
and Littlefield, 2020.Link
to Publisher
Books and Monographs
(Edited)
Strategies for Teaching Students with
Severe and Low-Incidence Disabilities, by Siegfried Engelmann, edited by Caitlin Rasplica Khoury and
Jean Stockard. 2018. Eugene, OR: NIFDI Press.
The Science and Success of Engelmann’s
Direct Instruction. Edited by Jean Stockard, Eugene, OR: NIFDI Press, 2014.
Successful and Confident Students with
Direct Instruction, by Siegfried Engelmann, 2014. Edited by Jean Stockard with
Christina Cox and Jerry Silbert, Eugene, OR: NIFDI Press.
Articles
“Building a More Effective, Equitable, and Compassionate
Educational System: The Role of Direct Instruction." Jean Stockard, Perspectives
on Behavior Science, 44(2) September 2021,
147-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-021-00287-x. Read It
"The Effectiveness of Direct
Instruction Curricula: A Meta-Analysis of a Half Century of Research,” Jean
Stockard, Timothy W. Wood, Cristy Coughlin, and Caitlin Rasplica Khoury, Review
of Educational Research, DOI: 10.3102/0034654317751919, published in
on-line first, January 7, 2018. Read It
“Best Evidence and the What Works
Clearinghouse,” Jean Stockard, Social Science Space, September 14, 2016.
Read It.
“The Threshold and Inclusive Approaches to
Determining ‘Best Available Evidence’” An Empirical Analysis,” Jean Stockard
and Timothy W. Wood, American Journal of Evaluation, 38 (December,
2017), 471-492; in on-line first, August, 2016. Read It
“Blinded to Evidence: How Educational Researchers Respond to
Empirical Data,” Siegfried Engelmann and Jean Stockard, Pp. 55-78 in Jean
Stockard (Ed.) The Science and Success of Engelmann’s Direct Instruction,
Eugene, OR: NIFDI Press, 2014. Read
It
“Merging the Accountability and Scientific Research Requirements
of the No Child Left Behind Act: Using Cohort Control Groups” Jean Stockard, Quality
and Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, 47(2013), pp.
2225-2257.Read It
“Enhancing Achievement in Rural Schools: A Reply to Epply,”
Jean Stockard, Journal of Research in Rural Education, 26 (14, 2011).Read It
“Increasing Reading Skills in Rural Areas: An Analysis of Three
School Districts,” Jean Stockard, Journal of Research in Rural Education,
26 (8, 2011), pp. 1-19.
“Direct Instruction and First Grade Reading Achievement: The Role
of Technical Support and Time of Implementation,” Jean Stockard, Journal of
Direct Instruction, 11 (1, 2011), 31-50. Read It
“An Analysis of the Fidelity Implementation Policies of the What
Works Clearinghouse,” Jean Stockard, Current Issues in Education, 13,
No. 4 (2010). Read It
“Direct Instruction in Africa,” Tamara Bressi, Rob Bressi, Kurt
Engelmann, Amy Johnston, Jerry Silbert, Jean Stockard, DI News, Summer,
2010.
“Promoting Reading Achievement and Countering the ‘Fourth-Grade
Slump’: The Impact of Direct Instruction on Reading Achievement in Fifth
Grade,” Jean Stockard, Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk,
15 (August, 2010): 218-240. Read
It
“The Development of Early Academic Success: The Impact of Direct
Instruction’s Reading Mastery, Jean Stockard and Kurt Engelmann, Journal
of Behavioral Assessment and Intervention for Children, 1 (1, 2010): 2-24.
Read It
“Promoting Early Literacy of Preschool Children: A Study of
the Effectiveness of Funnix Beginning Reading, Jean Stockard, Journal
of Direct Instruction, 10 (Winter, 2010):29-48. Read It
“Improving Elementary Level Mathematics Achievement in a Large
Urban District: The Effects of Direct Instruction,” Jean Stockard, Journal
of Direct Instruction, 10 (Winter, 2010)): 1-16. Read It
Selected Technical
Reports and White Papers
"The Impact of Continual Exposure to
Direct Instruction in the Elementary Years: Results from Three Charter School
Systems, June 2018, Working Paper, J. Stockard, Department of Planning, Public
Policy, and Management, University of Oregon. Read It
Empowering Educational Consumers to Analyze
Educational Assessment Data: The Educational Impact Calculator. 2016. J. Stockard,
NIFDI Technical Report 2016-2. Eugene, OR: NIFDI. Read It
Educational Impact Calculator, designed 2016 by J.
Stockard, can be accessed here.
Effective Direction Instruction
Implementations: The Impact of administrative decisions and time. 2016, J. Stockard,
NIFDI Technical Report 2016-1. Eugene, OR: NIFDI. Read It
The Long-Term Impacts of Direct Instruction
and the Maple Model: College Preparation and Readiness. 2015, J. Stockard with
L. Carnine, C. Rasplica, S. Paine, and E. Chaparro, NIFDI Technical Report
2015-2. Eugene, OR: NIFDI. Read
It
Changing Mathematics and Reading
Achievement with Direct Instruction: Kment Elementary School in Roseville,
Michigan.
2015, J. Stockard, NIFDI Technical Report 2015-1. Eugene, OR: NIFDI. Read It
A Brief Summary of Research on Direct
Instruction, NIFDI White Paper, January 2015. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Direct Instruction, Comprehensive School
Reform, and Student Achievement, NIFDI White Paper, July 2015. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Harmful Effects of Academic Early
Education? A Look at the Claims and the Evidence, NIFDI White Paper,
June 2015. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
The Potential Long-Term Economic and Health
Impacts of Direct Instruction, NIFDI White Paper, May, 2015. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Reading Mastery for Beginning Readers: An
Analysis of Errors in a What Works Clearinghouse Report, 2014, J. Stockard,
NIFDI Technical Report 2014-4. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
What is a Valid Scientific Study? An
Analysis of Selection Criteria Used by the What Works Clearinghouse, 2014 J. Stockard,
NIFDI Technical Report 2014-3. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
An Analysis of Achievement Scores of Arthur
Academy Schools, 2007 to 2013. 2014, C. Arthur and J. Stockard, NIFDI Technical Report 2014-2.
Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read
It
The Relationship between Lesson Progress in
Direct Instruction Programs and Student Test Performance, 2014, J. Stockard,
NIFDI Technical Report 2014-1. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Selected studies of the efficacy of Direct
Instruction mathematics programs. T.W. Wood and J. Stockard, NIFDI White Paper, 2014. Eugene, OR:
National Institute for Direct Instruction. Read It
The What Works Clearinghouse Review
Process: An Analysis of Errors in Two Recent Reports. 2013, J. Stockard and
T.W. Wood. NIFDI Technical Report 2013-4. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Technical Support, Fidelity, and Retaining
Direct Instruction in the Guam Public School System, 2013, J. Stockard, NIFDI
Technical Report 2013-3. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Direct Instruction in the Guam Public
Schools: An Analysis of Changes in Stanford Achievement Test Scores, 2013, J. Stockard,
NIFDI Technical Report 2013-2. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Examining the What Works Clearinghouse and
Its Reviews of Direct Instruction Programs, 2013, J. Stockard, NIFDI Technical Report
2013-1. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Does the What Works Clearinghouse work? 2013. J. Stockard and
T.W. Wood, 2013, NIFDI White Paper. Eugene, OR: NIFDI. Read It
Summary of Literature Regarding the
Effectiveness of Direct Instruction and Projections of Changes in Achievement, J. Stockard, NIFDI
White Paper, October 2013, Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Throwing the Baby out with the Bathwater?
The What Works Clearinghouse Criteria for Group Equivalence, J. Stockard, NIFDI
White Paper, December 2013, Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Reading Mastery and Learning Disabled
Students: A Comment on the What Works Clearinghouse. 2012, J. Stockard and
T.W. Wood. NIFDI Technical Report 2012-1. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Summary of Concerns Regarding the What
Works Clearinghouse: A NIFDI White Paper, September 2012, J. Stockard. Eugene,
Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Changes in Reading Achievement at a Florida
Elementary: A Randomized Control Study of Reading Mastery, 2011, J. Stockard,
NIFDI Technical Report 2011-3. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Increasing Reading Skills in Rural
Districts: A Study of Three Midwestern Districts, 2010, J. Stockard,
NIFDI Technical Report 2010-3. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Fourth Graders' growth in Reading Fluency:
A Randomized Control Study, 2010, J. Stockard, NIFDI Technical Report 2010-2. Eugene,
Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Direct Instruction and Reading in Africa, 2010, J. Stockard,
NIFDI Technical Report 2010-1. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Promoting Early Literacy of Preschool
Children: A Study of the Effectiveness of Funnix Beginning Reading, 2009, J. Stockard,
NIFDI Technical Report 2009-1. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
The Ups and Downs of Whole School Reform: A
Case Study of Success and Its Demise, 2009, J. Stockard and D. Dwiggins, NIFDI White Paper. Eugene,
Oregon: NIFDI. (Revision of paper presented at 2009 annual meetings of the
Pacific Sociological Association). Read It
Academic Kindergarten and Later Academic
Success: The Impact of Direct Instruction, 2008. K. Engelmann and J. Stockard. NIFDI
Technical Report 2008-7. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Reading Achievement in a Direct Instruction
School and a "Three Tier" Curriculum School, 2008, J. Stockard,
NIFDI Technical Report 2008-5. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
The What Works Clearinghouse Beginning
Reading Reports and Rating of Reading Mastery: An Evaluation and Comment, 2008, J. Stockard,
NIFDI Technical Report 2008-4. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
Improving Elementary Level Mathematics
Achievement in a Large Urban District: The Effects of NIFDI-Supported
Implementation of Direct Instruction, 2008, J. Stockard, NIFDI Technical Report 2008-3. Eugene,
Oregon: NIFDI. Read
It
The Long-Term Impact of Direct Instruction
on Reading Achievement: Countering the Fourth Grade Slump, 2008, J. Stockard,
NIFDI Technical Report 2008-2. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It
The Effects of NIFDI-Supported
Implementation of Direct Instruction on First Grade Reading, 2008, J. Stockard,
NIFDI Technical Report 2008-1. Eugene, Oregon: NIFDI. Read It