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Hino Kumawakamaru from the series Yoshitoshi's Courageous Warriors

Japanese Color Woodblock Print 

Hino Kumawakamaru

from the series Yoshitoshi's Courageous Warriors

by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, 1886

Saigō Takamori, No. 17, from the series Personalities of Recent Times

IHL Cat. #1831

About This Print

In this print we see the the priest Daizenbo and the young Hino Kumawakamaru summoning back a ship to rescue the boy who has just avenged his father's death on Sado Island.

The Story

The legend of the young Hino Kumawakamaru, from the late 14th-century Chronicle of Great Peace (Taiheiki), is often used to represent filial piety. Kumawakamaru's father, Hino Tsuketome, was exiled to the island of Sado after plotting with the Emperor Go-Daigo against the Shogunate. At the age of about twelve, Kumawakamaru traveled to Sado to see his father before his execution, but was himself imprisoned by the lay monk Homma Saburō, who presided over Sado island.  Homma then had Tsuketome executed and his ashes given to Kumawakamaru. Feigning illness, Kumawakamaru was transferred to Homma's residence, where he plotted his revenge.  One night, Kumawakamaru sneaked out unarmed, expecting to kill Homma's son. Instead, he came upon Homma himself, asleep in a different room.  He picked up Homma's sword and kicked his pillow to awaken the monk, thinking, "...to kill a sleeping man is no different than stabbing a corpse". When Homma woke up, Kumawaka stabbed him in the chest and throat, and fled to hide in a bamboo grove.  The guards, seeing small bloodstained footprints, went out in search of him. Faced with a deep moat, Kumawaka climbed onto a bamboo, and weighed down the tip of the plant, allowing him to drop over on the other side.  Kumawakamaru finds shelter with an old monk who offers to take him to the harbor and help him secure safe passage off the island. After the last of many captains refuses to take the boy, the monk chants a prayer to capsize the boat if it did not return to shore. As the waters churned about the vessel, the crew hastily returned to shore and took the boy safely to Echigo Province. 

About the Series Yoshitoshi's Courageous Warriors

Also seen translated as Yoshitoshi's Warriors Trembling with Courage, this series consisting of thirty-three prints was another extremely popular series designed by Yoshitoshi, as at least five versions of each print in the series were issued.  The series was originally published by Kobayashi Tetsujirō 小林銕次郎 (Maruya Tetsujirō 丸屋銕次郎from December 1883 through October 1886, and was also republished by Tsunajima Kamekichi 綱島亀吉(Tsujiokaya Kamekichi 辻岡屋亀吉) in 1886.  The Tsunajima series can generally, but not always, be distinguished by the shape of the signature cartouche, a rectangular cartouche with square corners rather than a rectangular cartouche with rounded corners.  Some sources note that the prints issued by Kobayashi Tetsujirō always have a multi-color title cartouche but, in at least one case, the earlier published print has a simple white title cartouche.  As the publisher's name appears in the left margin of all prints that I've encountered from this series, assuming the left margin is intact, then a simple examination of the publisher's name will tell the tale.

When Yoshitoshi designed this series it was towards the end of his career when he was about forty-four, just before his most famous series One Hundred Aspects of the Moon was issued. "The [Courageous Warriors] compositions depict famous warriors from Japan’s past with an intensity and detailed care that demonstrate Yoshitoshi’s reverence for the role long played by warriors in the formation of Japan."1  "The subject matter of Yoshitoshi’s courageous warriors is drawn mostly from the history of the late Heian period, in particular, the Genpei wars (1180-85) between the Taira (Heike) and Minamoto (Genji) clans and the Warring States period of the mid-15th to late 16th century."2

1 website of the Brooklyn Museum https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/173661
2 Yoshitoshi, Masterpieces from the Ed Freis Collection, Chris Uhlenbeck and Amy Reigle Newland, Hotei Publishing, 2011 p. 116.
 
Versions of This Print

 Two earlier versions issued by Kobayashi Tetsujirō 小林銕次郎, both dated 1885

Three later versions by Tsunajima Kamekichi 綱島亀吉, all undated

Print Details

 IHL Catalog
 #1831
 Title or Description Hino Kumawakamaru
 日野隈若丸  
 Series Yoshitoshi's Courageous Warriors
  芳年武者旡類 Yoshitoshi mushaburui kurō
  [note: series title is also seen translated as "Yoshitoshi's Warriors Trembling with  Courage" and "Yoshitoshi's Warriors Bristling with  Courage" ] 
 Artist Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839-1892)
 Signature
年画
 / 大蘇
Yoshtoshi ga / Taiso seal
画工 月岡米次郎
artist: Tsukioka Yonejirō
[left margin: artist's name preceded by address in right column]
 Seal
 Taiso (see above)
 Publication Date
not dated 御届明治 年 月 [left margin]
Issued in 1886
 Publisher
綱島亀吉 Tsunajima Kamekichi (Tsujiokaya Kamekichi 辻岡屋亀吉) [Marks: pub. ref. 549; seal similar to 26-148]


address: 日本橋区馬喰町二丁目十四番地 
publisher: 出版人 綱島亀吉
 Carver
 Impression excellent
 Colors excellent
 Condition excellent - heavy album backing
 Genre ukiyo-e; musasha-e
 Miscellaneous 
 Format vertical oban
 H x W Paper 
 13 7/8 x 9 1/2 in. (35.2 x 24.1 cm) 
 H x W Image 13 x 8 5/8 in. (33 x 21.9 cm)
 Literature 
 
 Collections This Print
 Los Angeles County Museum of Modern Art M.84.31.221; Philadelphia Museum of Art 1989-47-352 (Kobayashi Tetsujirō edition); Tokyo Metropolitan Library 加4736-023 (Tsunajima Kamekichi edition); National Diet Library Digital Collections 1302770 (Kobayashi Tetsujirō edition); The British Museum 1906.1220,0.1500 (Tsunajima Kamekichi  edition)