1. The Jewish Settlements on the Shores of the Black Sea. . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1
2. The Kingdom of the Khazars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
3. Jews in the Early Russian Principalities & in the Tataric Khanate of the Crimea . 9

CHAPTER II: THE JEWISH COLONIES IN POLAND AND LITHUANIA
1. The Immigration from Western Europe During the Period of the Crusades. . . . . . 14
2. The Charter of Prince Boleslav and the Canons of the Church. . . . . . . . . . . 16
3. Rise of Polish Jewry Under Casimir The Great . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4. Polish Jewry during the Reign of Yaghello. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5. The Jews of Lithuania during the Reign of Vitovt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6. The Conflict between Royalty and Clergy Under Casimir IV. and His Sons . . . . . 25

CHAPTER III: THE AUTONOMOUS CENTER IN POLAND AT ITS ZENITH (1501-1648)
1. Social and Economic Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2. The Liberal Regime of Sigismund I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3. Liberalism and Reaction in the Reigns of Sigismund Augustus and Stephen Batory . 36
4. Shlakhta and Royalty in the Reigns of Sigismund III and Vladislav IV . . . . . . 40

CHAPTER IV: THE INNER LIFE OF POLISH JEWRY AT ITS ZENITH
1. Kahal Autonomy and the Jewish Diets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2. The Instruction of the Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3. The High-Water Mark of Rabbinic Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4. Secular Sciences, Philosophy, Cabala, and Apologetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

CHAPTER V: THE AUTONOMOUS CENTER IN POLAND DURING ITS DECLINE (1648-1772)
1. Economic and National Antagonism in the Ukraina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2. The Pogroms and Massacres of 1648-1649 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3. The Russian and Swedish Invasions (1654-1658). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4. The Restoration (1658-1697). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5. Social and Political Dissolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6. A Frenzy of Blood Accusations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7. The Massacre of Uman and the First Partition of Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

CHAPTER VI: THE INNER LIFE OF POLISH JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD OF DECLINE
1. Jewish Self-Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  91
2. Rabbinical and Mystical Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  96
3. The Sabbatian Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  99
4. The Frankist Sect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5. The Rise of Hasidism and Israel Baal-Shem-Tob. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6. The Hasidic Propaganda and the Growth of Tzaddikism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7. Rabbinism, Hasidism, and the Forerunners of Enlightenment. . . . . . . . . . . . 114

CHAPTER VII: THE RUSSIAN QUARANTINE AGAINST JEWS (TILL 1772)
1. Anti-Jewish Attitude of Muscovy During the Sixteenth & Seventeenth Centuries . . 117
2. The Jews under Peter I and His Successors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3. Elizabeth Petrovna and the First Years of Catherine II . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

CHAPTER VIII: POLISH JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD OF THE PARTITIONS
1. The Jews of Poland after the First Partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
2. The Period of the Quadrennial Diet (1788-1791) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3. The Last Two Partitions and Berek Yoselovich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4. The Duchy of Warsaw and the Reaction under Napoleon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

CHAPTER IX: THE BEGINNINGS OF THE RUSSIAN REGIME
1. The Jewish Policy of Catherine II (1772-1796). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
2. Jewish Legislative Schemes during the Reign of Paul I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3. Dyerzhavin's "Opinion" on the Jewish Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

CHAPTER X: THE "ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM" OF ALEXANDER I
1. "The Committee for the Amelioration of the Jews.". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
2. The "Jewish Constitution" of 1804. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
3. The Projected Expulsion from the Villages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4. The Patriotic Attitude of Russian Jewry during the War of 1812 . . . . . . . . . 171
5. Economic and Agricultural Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

CHAPTER XI: THE INNER LIFE OF RUSSIAN JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD OF "ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM"
1. Kahal Autonomy and City Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
2. The Hasidic Schism and the Intervention of the Government. . . . . . . . . . . . 179
3. Rabbinism, Hasidism, and Enlightened "Berlinerdom" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

CHAPTER XII: THE LAST YEARS OF ALEXANDER I
1. "The Deputation of the Jewish People". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
2. Christianizing Endeavors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
3. "Judaizing" Sects in Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4. Recrudescence of Anti-Jewish Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
5. The Russian Revolutionaries and the Jews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE-VOLUME II

CHAPTER XIII: THE MILITARY DESPOTISM OF NICHOLAS I
1. Military Service as a Means of De-Judaization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
2. The Recruiting Ukase of 1827 and Juvenile Conscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
3. Military Martyrdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
4. The Policy of Expulsions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
5. The Codification of Jewish Disabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
6. The Russian Censorship and Conversionist Endeavors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

CHAPTER XIV: COMPULSORY ENLIGHTENMENT AND INCREASED OPPRESSION
1. Enlightenment as a Means of Assimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
2. Uvarov and Lilienthal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
3. The Abolition of Jewish Autonomy and Renewed Persecutions. . . . . . . . . . . . 226
4. Intercession of Western European Jewry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
5. The Economic Plight of Russian Jewry and Agricultural Experiments. . . . . . . . 231
6. The Ritual Murder Trial of Velizh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7. The Mstislavl Affair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

CHAPTER XV: THE JEWS IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND
1. Plans of Jewish Emancipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
2. Political Reaction And Literary Anti-Semitism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
3. Assimilationist Tendencies Among the Jews of Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
4. The Jews and the Polish Insurrection Of 1831 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

CHAPTER XVI: THE INNER LIFE OF RUSSIAN JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD OF MILITARY DESPOTISM
1. The Uncompromising Attitude of Rabbinism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
2. The Stagnation of Hasidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
3. The Russian Mendelssohn (Isaac Baer Levinsohn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
4. The Rise of Neo-Hebraic Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
5. The Jews and the Russian People. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

CHAPTER XVII: THE LAST YEARS OF NICHOLAS I
1. The "Assortment" of the Jews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
2. Compulsory Assimilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
3. New Conscription Horrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
4. The Ritual Murder Trial of Saratov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

CHAPTER XVIII: THE ERA OF REFORMS UNDER ALEXANDER II
1. The Abolition of Juvenile Conscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
2. "Hom"opathic" Emancipation and the Policy of "Fusion". . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
3. The Extension of the Right of Residence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
4. Further Alleviations and Attempts at Russification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
5. The Jews and the Polish Insurrection of 1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

CHAPTER XIX: THE REACTION UNDER ALEXANDER II
1. Change of Attitude Toward the Jewish Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
2. The Informer Jacob Brafman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
3. The Fight Against Jewish "Separatism". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
4. The Drift Toward Oppression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

CHAPTER XX: THE INNER LIFE OF RUSSIAN JEWRY DURING THE REIGN OF ALEXANDER II
1. The Russification of the Jewish Intelligenzia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
2. The Society for the Diffusion of Enlightenment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
3. The Jewish Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
4. The Jews and the Revolutionary Movement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
5. The Neo-Hebraic Renaissance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
6. The Harbinger of Jewish Nationalism (Perez Smolenskin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
7. Jewish Literature in the Russian Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

CHAPTER XXI: THE ACCESSION OF ALEXANDER III AND THE INAUGURATION OF POGROMS
1. The Triumph of Autocracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
2. The Initiation of the Pogrom Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
3. The Pogrom at Kiev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
4. Further Outbreaks in South Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

CHAPTER XXII: THE ANTI-JEWISH POLICIES OF IGNATYEV
1. The Vacillating Attitude of the Authorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
2. The Pogrom Panic and the Beginning of the Exodus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
3. The Gubernatorial Commissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
4. The Spread of Anti-Semitism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
5. The Pogrom at Warsaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

CHAPTER XXIII: NEW MEASURES OF OPPRESSION AND PUBLIC PROTESTS
1. The Despair of Russian Jewry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
2. The Voice of England and America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
3. The Problem of Emigration and the Pogrom at Balta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
4. The Conference of Jewish Notables at St. Petersburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

CHAPTER XXIV: LEGISLATIVE POGROMS
1. The "Temporary Rules" of May 3, 1882 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
2. Abandonment of the Pogrom Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
3. Disabilities and Emigration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

CHAPTER XXV: INNER UPHEAVALS
1. Disillusionment of the Intelligenzia and the National Revival. . . . . . . . . . 365
2. Pinsker's "Autoemancipation" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
3. Miscarried Religious Reforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

CHAPTER XXVI: INCREASED JEWISH DISABILITIES
1. The Pahlen Commission and New Schemes of Oppression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
2. Jewish Disabilities Outside the Pale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
3. Restrictions in Education and in the Legal Profession. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
4. Discrimination in Military Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

CHAPTER XXVII: RUSSIAN REACTION AND JEWISH EMIGRATION
1. Aftermath of the Pogrom Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
2. The Conclusions of the Pahlen Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
3. The Triumph of Reaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
4. American and Palestinian Emigration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

CHAPTER XXVIII: JUDAEOPHOBIA TRIUMPHANT
1. Intensified Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
2. Continued Harassing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
3. The Guildhall Meeting in London. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
4. The Protest of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

CHAPTER XXIX: THE EXPULSION FROM MOSCOW
1. Preparing the Blow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
2. The Horrors of Expulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
3. Effect of Protests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
4. Pogrom Interludes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

CHAPTER XXX: BARON HIRSCH'S EMIGRATION SCHEME AND UNRELIEVED SUFFERING
1. Negotiations with the Russian Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
2. The Jewish Colonization Association and Collapse of the Argentinian Scheme . . . 415
3. Continued Humiliations and Death of Alexander III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

CHAPTER XXXI: THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II
1. Continued Policy of Oppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
2. The Martyrdom of the Moscow Community. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
3. Restrictions in the Right of Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
4. The Economic Collapse of Russian Jewry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
5. Professional and Educational Restrictions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
6. Anti-Semitic Propaganda and Pogroms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

CHAPTER XXXII: THE NATIONAL AWAKENING
1. The Rise of Political Zionism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
2. Spiritual Zionism, or Ahad-Ha'amism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
3. Spiritual Nationalism, or National-Cultural Autonomism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
4. The Jewish Socialistic Movement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
5. The Revival of Jewish Letters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

CHAPTER XXXIII: THE KISHINEV MASSACRE
1. Pogroms as a Counter-Revolutionary Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
2. The Organized Kishinev Butchery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
4. Doctor Herzl's Visit to Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

CHAPTER XXXIV: CONTINUED POGROMS AND THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
1. The Pogrom at Homel and the Jewish Self-Defence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
2. The Kishinev Massacre at the Bar of Russian Justice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
3. The Jews in the Russo-Japanese War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
4. The "Political Spring" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
5. The Homel Pogrom before the Russian Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

CHAPTER XXXV: THE REVOLUTION OF 1905 AND THE FIGHT FOR EMANCIPATION
1. The Jews in the Revolutionary Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
2. The Struggle for Equal Rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
3. The "Black Hundred" and the "Patriotic" Pogroms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
4. The Jewish Franchise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

CHAPTER XXXVI: THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION AND THE OCTOBER MASSACRES
1. The Fiendish Designs of the "Black Hundred". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
2. The Russian St. Bartholomew Night. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   . . . . . 479
3. The Undaunted Struggle for Equal Rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
4. The Jewish Question before the First Duma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
5. The Spread of Anarchy and the Second Duma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

CHAPTER XXXVII: EXTERNAL OPPRESSION AND INTERNAL CONSOLIDATION
1. The New Alignments within Russian Jewry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
2. The Triumph of the "Black Hundred" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
3. The Third, or Black, Duma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
4. New Jewish Disabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
5. The Spiritual Revival of Russian Jewry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   495

RUSSIAN JEWRY SINCE 1911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  497

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  500

INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  515