Name: __________________________ Date: _____________


1.
C.M. Steele's research indicates that when highly intelligent minority students believe a test is measuring their intellectual abilities:
A.
they perform on par with their “majority” counterparts
B.
they surpass their “majority” counterparts
C.
their performance declines greatly below that of their “majority” counterparts
D.
none of the above


2.
Soloman Asch proposed that first impressions create _____ within which everything else about a person is interpreted.
A.
heuristics
B.
schemas
C.
clusters
D.
frames of reference


3.
I see this strikingly attractive girl. However, after having spoken to her, I conclude that she is antisocial, snobby, and ignorant. She is not what I expected based on:
A.
inter-correlated factors
B.
the halo effect
C.
the consistency effect
D.
stereotyping


4.
When remembering social information, what kind of information do people remember the most?
A.
schema-relevant social information
B.
schema-discrepant social information
C.
both a and b
D.
schema irrelevant social information


5.
Schemas have been widely used by psychologists. Based on what was stated in the text, all of the following are true except which one?
A.
Without them, we would not know how to behave.
B.
They cost a great deal of cognitive energy.
C.
They allow us to predict some of what will happen in particular situations.
D.
They facilitate the processing of information.


6.
_____ are characteristics attributed to people based on their membership in a specific group, and are often over-generalized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information.
A.
Prejudices
B.
Biases
C.
Stereotypes
D.
Discrimination


7.
Theodore Adorno proposed the notion of _____, which relates to individuals who are characterized by a tendency to hate people who are different or downtrodden.
A.
authoritarian personality
B.
hate crimes
C.
bigotry
D.
prejudice


8.
Participants who were required to look into a mirror while responding to a questionnaire about the acceptability of stereotypes were found to:
A.
consider stereotyping less appropriate than those in the control condition
B.
display a substantial increase in stereotyping when the mirror was later removed
C.
be suppressing their beliefs
D.
all of the above


9.
In an experiment, third-grade teacher Jane Elliot:
A.
used a mirror to heighten her students' focus on themselves while they took a quiz about racism
B.
showed her students a photo of a black man shoving a white man and asked them to interpret the shove as either violent or playful
C.
cultivated feelings and behaviors of inferiority or superiority in her students based on their eye colors
D.
cultivated feelings and behaviors of inferiority or superiority in her students based on their genders


10.
Stereotyping is enhanced by the fact that most perceive outgroup members as _____ and ingroup members as _____.
A.
heterogeneous; homogenous
B.
homogenous; heterogeneous
C.
flexible; inflexible
D.
inflexible; flexible


11.
When trying to understand the behavior of others, people sometimes make _____ attributions, based on the situation, whereas other times they make _____ attributions, based on the person.
A.
external; internal
B.
environmental; innate
C.
social; self
D.
secondary; primary


12.
All of the following are types of information people rely on when making attributions about others except:
A.
consensus
B.
accommodation
C.
consistency
D.
distinctiveness


13.
The two processes involved in adjusting the strength of situational demands are referred to as:
A.
discounting and augmentation
B.
maximization and minimization
C.
elaboration and pruning
D.
consistency and consensus


14.
Research suggests that people in _____ cultures make more external attributions for others' behaviors than do people from _____ cultures.
A.
developing; industrial
B.
Western; Eastern
C.
collectivistic; individualistic
D.
technologically proficient; agrarian


15.
Research suggests that people in collectivistic cultures make more external attributions for others' behaviors than do people from individualistic cultures because:
A.
of a lack of technology
B.
they take more time before assigning causes to people or events
C.
of the different manner with which information is processed
D.
they rely on more information about the person


16.
A pervasive bias in social cognition is the self-serving bias, the tendency of people to see:
A.
themselves in a way that allows for maximization of potential
B.
others in a less flattering light than they see themselves
C.
themselves in a more flattering light than others see them
D.
themselves in a way that allows them to rationalize otherwise unacceptable behavior


17.
A student is writing a paper and cites only those articles that support the point he is trying to make. The student is exemplifying:
A.
correspondence bias
B.
attribution error
C.
self-serving bias
D.
confirmation bias


18.
Which one of the following is not a reason for the existence of bias or error in social cognition?
A.
heuristics can lead people awry
B.
schemas and attributions are influenced by wishes, needs, and desires
C.
the tendency to seek out information to confirm one's hypotheses
D.
all of the above are reasons for bias or error in social cognition


19.
My advisor from graduate school, a man I truly idolize, is considered to be a great psychologist by the psychological community in general. His name and accomplishments are well known. Truth be told, nothing would make me think he is anything but truly outstanding. My belief is high in attitude _____.
A.
importance
B.
power
C.
strength
D.
impact


20.
I am very confused about what I think about my dad. I think he is amazing since he was an orphan and became a doctor and a self-made millionaire. I also think he doesn't know what it means to be dad. With regard to my father, I am expressing what is known as attitudinal:
A.
incoherence
B.
ambivalence
C.
inconsistency
D.
none of the above


21.
Which is NOT a reason for why attitudes and behaviors are not perfectly correlated?
A.
attitudes and behavior do correlate well if they are both sufficiently specified
B.
there are many influences other than attitude that affect what people do
C.
the attitude is not held or endorsed by members of important groups
D.
drawing the connection between a specific behavior and a specific attitude is neither theoretically nor methodologically possible


22.
I have an old friend who amazes me. She has the uncanny ability to convince me, through reasoning alone, that she is right and that I am wrong. The funny thing is that I know I am correct, but her reasoning is amazing. Aristotle referred to this ability as:
A.
rhetoric
B.
pathos
C.
logos
D.
thanatos


23.
Research indicates that a speaker is considered to be more persuasive if the speaker is, or appears to be, _____.
A.
good looking
B.
powerful
C.
credible
D.
all of the above


24.
Psychologists have identified several components of persuasion, among them:
A.
context, attitude, and source
B.
channel, message, and source
C.
receiver, susceptibility, and channel
D.
source, susceptibility, and method


25.
One method for countering the appeal of an opposing argument is called attitude _____. It involves building up the receiver's resistance to an appeal by presenting weak arguments for it or forewarning against it.
A.
inoculation
B.
immunization
C.
reinforcement
D.
shoring


26.
If you want to change someone's attitude about something, repetition works. It works because:
A.
it produces familiarity
B.
repetition produces liking
C.
the same information presented repeatedly results in an increase in credibility
D.
all of the above


27.
Although attitude change often involves deliberate efforts at persuasion, another path to attitude change is ____, a perceived discrepancy between an attitude and a behavior or between an attitude and a new piece of information.
A.
variable schema
B.
attitudinal ambivalence
C.
cognitive dissonance
D.
attitudinal gap


28.
In order to maintain high self-esteem, it is normal for people to participate in social comparison; compare oneself against others. It is usually the case that we compare ourselves against:
A.
people who are comparable to us, people on our level
B.
people who closely match our ideal self
C.
people who are worse off than we are
D.
people who are vastly different than we are so that little negativity can result


29.
The night before an exam, a student decides to go to a party and get trashed. The student was ill-prepared anyway for the exam. When the grade of “F” comes back, he says it was due to partying and that he could have passed if he just stayed home. The student is displaying:
A.
self-handicapping
B.
ego incrimination
C.
ego deprecation
D.
self-depreciation


30.
Difference between people in the extent to which they try to manage impressions is reflected in the term:
A.
unique self
B.
self-monitoring
C.
individualistic impression management
D.
presentational variance