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Subject: starship-design: FW: Seti@Home Web Site Hacked (Off-topic)
Date: Sun, 4 Jul 1999 12:54:53 -0500
Sorry this is on a tangent, but...
Lee
-----Original Message-----
From: owner-setiathome@klx.com [mailto:owner-setiathome@klx.com]On
Behalf Of Mr Anthony Chippendale
Sent: Sunday, July 04, 1999 11:56 AM
To: ufo-net@clara.net
Subject: Seti@Home Web Site Hacked
The Seti@Home web site at: http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/ has been
hacked!! Take a look before it is fixed, it is so funny!!!!
Anthony.
==
Unsubscribe instructions: http://www.talkspace.net/mlists/setiathome.html
This list sponsored by talkspace.net: building space communities online.
Mailing list services provided by klx.communications -- www.klx.com
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Subject: starship-design: Fwd: Interstellar Planets Could Support Life
Date: Wed, 7 Jul 1999 20:18:34 EDT
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A weird new relm for SF stories. Or deep space exploration.
Kelly
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Subject: Interstellar Planets Could Support Life
TO: kellyst@aol.com
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http://www.spaceviews.com/1999/07/03a.html
Spaceviews
Interstellar Planets Could Support Life
=20
Published: 1999 July 3 =20
9:53
am ET (1353 UT)
Earth-sized planets ejected early in the
history of solar systems could support life
even in the cold depths of interstellar
space, a Caltech scientist has found.
In a paper published in the July 1 issue of the journal
Nature, David Stevenson of Caltech found that such
"interstellar planets" could retain enough heat to support
conditions conducive to the formation of life.
Simulations of the formation of the solar system show that
up to ten planets the size of the Earth could have formed, but
either collided with Jupiter or were ejected from the solar
system during close approaches to the giant planet.
These planets would normally cool as they moved far
away from the Sun or any other star, but a dense hydrogen
atmosphere retained from their formation could act as an
insulating blanket, retaining the heat generated by the
radioactive decay of elements in the interior of the planet.
This could create Earth-like temperatures on the surface of
the planet, even in the absence of an outside heat source.
The planet could have liquid water oceans, but would have a
surface pressure similar to that at the bottom of the Earth's
oceans.
If these planets have geothermal-like heat sources, the
energy could be enough to allow the formation of some small,
simple life forms. How complex the life could be is an open
question, Stevenson believes. "I don't think anyone knows
what is required to drive biological evolution from simple to
very complex systems."
However, other research, including that by Caltech
colleagues Eric Gaidos and Joseph Kirschvink, suggests that
geothermal energy sources may not be sufficient to generate
anything more than the simplest life forms.
Efforts to locate these planets, which may be
commonplace if other solar systems formed like our own,
would require advanced detection techniques, because of
the limited amount of light they emit. Steven suggested
looking for occultations, when the light from a background
star is temporarily dimmed by the passage of one of these
planets.
"I'm not saying that these objects have life," Stevenson
said. "All I'm saying is that, among the places you might want
to consider for sustainable life, you might eventually want to
look at these objects. They could be the most common
location for life in the universe."
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Subject: starship-design: Fwd: The Story of a Tragedy That Was Not to Be
Date: Wed, 7 Jul 1999 20:18:40 EDT
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Plans if the first Moon landing had a worst case failure.
Kelly
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Subject: The Story of a Tragedy That Was Not to Be
TO: indy@the-line.com, kellyst@AOL.COM, kryswalker@AOL.COM
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http://www.latimes.com/HOME/NEWS/ASECTION/t000060701.html
Wednesday, July 7, 1999 LATIMES
INTERNATIONAL OUTLOOK =20
The Story of a Tragedy That Was Not to Be =20
By JIM MANN
=20
WASHINGTON--This column is about America's
walk on the moon and the untold story of one
of the most poignant presidential speeches in
American history--a speech that never had to be
delivered. =20
In two weeks, this country will celebrate the
30th anniversary of the day when Neil Armstrong
and Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin Jr. stepped onto the
surface of the moon. =20
Over the past three decades, many of the
details of that epic trip have been told over and
over again in books and movies. And so, naturally,
we now take it as a given that the trip was destined
to be a success--that the American astronauts,
after landing on the moon, would return home
safely. =20
But it didn't seem so inevitable at the time. It
turns out that officials at the White House and
NASA quietly made contingency plans for what
President Richard Nixon would do if Armstrong and
Aldrin got stuck on the moon and were doomed to
die there. =20
There was even a euphemism for how such a
tragedy would end. The stranded astronauts would
"close down communications" with Mission Control
in Houston and be left in silence, either to die
slowly or, perhaps, to commit suicide. =20
Nixon's speech was to end with these haunting
words, in effect a tribute to Armstrong and Aldrin:
"For every human being who looks up at the moon
in the nights to come will know that there is some
corner of another world that is forever mankind." =20
I came across the remarkable documentary
evidence of this lugubrious planning a couple of
years ago, while doing research in the National
Archives. =20
There, sitting in the files from the Nixon
administration, was a memo titled: "In Event of
Moon Disaster." It laid out a precise scenario for
what Nixon should do if the astronauts' lunar
vehicle couldn't get back up off the moon into lunar
orbit to hook up with the command module. =20
According to the memo, once it was clear that
Armstrong and Aldrin could not come home, Nixon
was to call the "widows-to-be" to express
condolences. He was then to deliver a speech to
the nation. =20
Finally, at the point when NASA would cut off
radio communications with the moon and leave the
astronauts alone to die, a clergyman was to
commend their souls to "the deepest of the deep,"
in the fashion of a burial at sea. =20
The planning memo was drafted for Nixon's
chief of staff, H.R. Haldeman, by Nixon's speech
writer, William Safire, now a columnist for the New
York Times. At the same time, Safire drafted the
short speech Nixon was to give. =20
Years ago, in a memoir about his time in the
Nixon White House, Safire briefly alluded to this
secret planning. =20
"On June 13, Frank Borman--an astronaut the
president liked and whom NASA had assigned to
be our liaison--called me to say, 'You want to be
thinking of some alternative posture for the
president in the event of mishaps on Apollo XI.'
When I didn't react promptly, Borman moved off the
formal language--'like what to do for the widows.' " =20
Safire complied. His memo and the speech he
drafted for Nixon were retained in Nixon's White
House files and now sit in the National Archives.
Here is the full text of this extraordinary speech: =20
Fate has ordained that the men who went to the
moon to explore in peace will stay on the moon to
rest in peace. =20
These brave men, Neil Armstrong and Edwin
Aldrin, know that there is no hope for their
recovery. But they also know that there is hope for
mankind in their sacrifice. =20
These two men are laying down their lives in
mankind's most noble goal: the search for truth and
understanding. =20
They will be mourned by their families and
friends; they will be mourned by their nation; they
will be mourned by the people of the world; they
will be mourned by a Mother Earth that dared send
two of her sons into the unknown. =20
In their exploration, they stirred the people of
the world to feel as one; in their sacrifice, they
bind
more tightly the brotherhood of man. =20
In ancient days, men looked at stars and saw
their heroes in the constellations. In modern times,
we do much the same, but our heroes are epic men
of flesh and blood. =20
Others will follow, and surely find their way
home. Man's search will not be denied. But these
men were the first, and they will remain the
foremost in our hearts. =20
For every human being who looks up at the
moon in the nights to come will know that there is
some corner of another world that is forever
mankind. =20
The secret preparations serve as a reminder of
just how risky was the voyage to the moon.
Confident of American technology, officials at
NASA and the White House still left nothing to
chance. They secretly feared something could go
terribly wrong. =20
Yet these events are, in their way, also a
testament to hope. We may prepare for tragedy,
but our worst nightmares rarely happen. Three
decades ago on July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin
walked on the rubble of the moon and then came
home again. Nixon's undelivered speech was
thrown into a file and happily forgotten. =20
* * *
Jim Mann's column appears in this space every
Wednesday. =20
Copyright 1999 Los Angeles Times. All Rights Reserved =20
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Subject: starship-design: Re: RE: Interstellar Planets Could Support Life
Date: Fri, 9 Jul 1999 18:21:07 EDT
In a message dated 7/7/99 10:58:49 PM, MARK.A.JENSEN@cpmx.saic.com writes:
>I can just see some Hollywood idiot reading this and penning a new script
>
>for a pilot for the Sci Fi Channel entitled: "Space 1999 BC"
>
>
>
>;) MJ
BC?
Kelly
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To: "starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: starship-design: re: interstellar planets supporting life
Date: Fri, 09 Jul 1999 18:39:57 -0400
I can't help wondering: what kind of life would develop or evolve in
near-total darkness? I guess we can find examples in our own ocean
depths, but what would it look like on land? Photosynthesis being out of
the question, the flora would certainly take a much different turn from
what we're familiar with, and by necessity, the fauna would also.
Interesting . . .
Curtis
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To: starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
Subject: Re: starship-design: re: interstellar planets supporting life
Date: Sat, 10 Jul 1999 15:35:02 EDT
In a message dated 7/9/99 5:41:46 PM, clmanges@worldnet.att.net writes:
>I can't help wondering: what kind of life would develop or evolve in
>near-total darkness? I guess we can find examples in our own ocean
>depths, but what would it look like on land? Photosynthesis being out of
>the question, the flora would certainly take a much different turn from
>what we're familiar with, and by necessity, the fauna would also.
>Interesting . . .
>
>Curtis
I was wondering about that. They've found that the temp of planets like
Earth and Venus are much moredetermined by the temperature of its core, and
the nature of its crust. So the surface temp could be similar. Life forms
could be based of cemosynthasis like the stuff living near ocean bottom
volcanic vents. Is anything down there a oxegen producer? Sounds like a lot
of the evolution could be similar. Fish, legged animals, etc.
Kelly
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Subject: Re: starship-design: re: interstellar planets supporting life
Date: Sat, 10 Jul 1999 14:58:06 -0600
>
> I was wondering about that. They've found that the temp of planets like
> Earth and Venus are much moredetermined by the temperature of its core, and
> the nature of its crust. So the surface temp could be similar. Life forms
> could be based of cemosynthasis like the stuff living near ocean bottom
> volcanic vents. Is anything down there a oxegen producer? Sounds like a lot
> of the evolution could be similar. Fish, legged animals, etc.
>
> Kelly
Photosynthesis is the only known oxygen producing reaction
in life that I know about. Thermal reactions don't supply a lot
of surplus energy however. That is the key factor.
Ben
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From: KellySt@aol.com
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To: chris@vela.astro.ucla.edu, starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
Subject: starship-design: Re: SpaceShip Ideas
Date: Sat, 10 Jul 1999 17:49:42 EDT
In a message dated 7/10/99 1:50:59 PM, chris@vela.astro.ucla.edu writes:
>Dear Kelly,
>
> You have some fascinating proposal for interstellar spacecraft
>on the LIT webpage. Might I suggest one idea which you may have
>considered already for its feasibility?
>
> It seems the difficulty is not in leaving the Sol system since
>propulsion could be provided externally (eg. pellets, lasers) but
>in Decelerating. My risky proposal is the following:
>
>Before arriving, half of ship splits off and goes ahead. This half
>then, using very precise thrusting, loops around the destination
>star (or one of its planets) and flies back in the opposite direction.
Your going too fast to use the gravity of a normal star to turn you around.
>Not a trivial maneuver by any means, but given the successes of the
>Voyager, etc. missions, not inconceivable. This "Front" part of the
>ship is actually equipped with pellet gun which fires pellets
>(which comprise most of its mass) back to the main ship. Moment
>transfer of the pellets (accomplished very carefully) slows down the main
>ship. If everything could be done "gently" these massive pellets
>could actually composed of material which you would bring along
>on the journey anyway, (food & water supplies) so they don't add mass.
Catching pellats this way could help a lot, but since they'ld being coming
straigh at you at 3/4ths of light speed that would be nearly impossible.
>
> Obviously the faster you go the more difficult this idea
>becomes. However I believe I heard (but have not calculated)
>that at much above 0.1 c, background radiation starts to get
>blueshifted into dangerous xrays, etc. So you might want a slow
>voyage anyway...
A slow ship takes too long to be practical, it would need to be far larger
and heavier.
>
>-chris
>
Thanks for the suggests though. Not quiet right yet, but new ideas are
always worth considering.
Kelly
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CC: starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
Subject: starship-design: Split space ship design.
Date: Sat, 10 Jul 1999 19:41:27 -0600
S
>> Before arriving, half of ship splits off and goes ahead. This half
>> then, using very precise thrusting, loops around the destination
>> star (or one of its planets) and flies back in the opposite direction.
>
> Your going too fast to use the gravity of a normal star to turn you around.
>
> >Not a trivial maneuver by any means, but given the successes of the
> >Voyager, etc. missions, not inconceivable. This "Front" part of the
> >ship is actually equipped with pellet gun which fires pellets
> >(which comprise most of its mass) back to the main ship. Moment
> >transfer of the pellets (accomplished very carefully) slows down the main
> >ship. If everything could be done "gently" these massive pellets
> >could actually composed of material which you would bring along
> >on the journey anyway, (food & water supplies) so they don't add mass.
>
> Catching pellats this way could help a lot, but since they'ld being coming
> straigh at you at 3/4ths of light speed that would be nearly impossible.
>
So why split the ship?
Just send a nice slow unmanned ship to do the pellet throwing.
Ben.
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Date: Fri, 09 Jul 1999 18:39:57 -0400
From: "Curtis L. Manges" <clmanges@worldnet.att.net>
Subject: starship-design: re: interstellar planets supporting life
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I can't help wondering: what kind of life would develop or evolve in
near-total darkness? I guess we can find examples in our own ocean
depths, but what would it look like on land? Photosynthesis being out of
the question, the flora would certainly take a much different turn from
what we're familiar with, and by necessity, the fauna would also.
Interesting . . .
Curtis
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Subject: Re: starship-design: re: interstellar planets supporting life
Date: Sun, 11 Jul 1999 12:38:29 EDT
In a message dated 7/10/99 3:54:35 PM, bfranchuk@jetnet.ab.ca writes:
>>
>> I was wondering about that. They've found that the temp of planets like
>> Earth and Venus are much moredetermined by the temperature of its core,
>and
>> the nature of its crust. So the surface temp could be similar. Life
>forms
>> could be based of cemosynthasis like the stuff living near ocean bottom
>> volcanic vents. Is anything down there a oxegen producer? Sounds like
>a lot
>> of the evolution could be similar. Fish, legged animals, etc.
>>
>> Kelly
>
>Photosynthesis is the only known oxygen producing reaction
>in life that I know about. Thermal reactions don't supply a lot
>of surplus energy however. That is the key factor.
>
>Ben
Not thermal reactinos, chemical reactinos. The chemosynthasis used by
bacteria near the "black smokers"
From VM Fri Jul 16 10:09:59 1999
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Subject: starship-design: Last lunar words
Date: Thu, 15 Jul 1999 21:48:11 EDT
Everyone know what were first words spoken by the first man on the moon
were, but very few people know the last ones. They were uttered by Apollo
17 commander Eugene Cernan who didn't know at the time that the December
1972 mission would be NASA's final Apollo flight. After getting clearance
from Mission Control to leave the lunar surface, Cernan turned to his
co-pilot, Harrison "Jack" Schmitt and said, "OK, let's get this mother out
of here."
-- Max Ary, Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center
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Subject: starship-design: FW: SpaceViews -- 1999 July 15
Date: Fri, 16 Jul 1999 17:04:07 -0500
-----Original Message-----
From: owner-spaceviews@wayback.com
[mailto:owner-spaceviews@wayback.com]On Behalf Of jeff@spaceviews.com
Sent: Wednesday, July 14, 1999 4:05 PM
Subject: SpaceViews -- 1999 July 15
[ SpaceViews (tm) newsletter ]
[ see end of message for our NEW address to subscribe / unsubscribe ]
S P A C E V I E W S
Issue 1999.07.15
1999 July 15
http://www.spaceviews.com/1999/0715/
*** News ***
Former Astronaut Pete Conrad Dies
Kazakhstan Lifts Ban on Baikonur Launches
Near-Earth Asteroid No Longer A Collision Threat
NASA Confirms July 20 Shuttle Launch Date
Mir Air Leak Not Serious
Delta Launches Globalstar Satellites
X-38 Completes Fourth Drop Test
Teledesic Moves Ahead
SpaceViews Event Horizon
Other News
*** Book Reviews ***
The Last Man on the Moon
Totality
*** Letters ***
Your Thoughts on Space Tourism
Editor's Note: We are in progress of adding a new section to our Web
site dedicated to the Moon. Rather that duplicate those sites
marking the 30th anniversary of the Apollo 11 landing, the SpaceViews
section will include information on current lunar exploration (Lunar
Prospector's mission will end at the end of this month) and future
prospects. Check our Web site (http://www.spaceviews.com) in the coming
days as well as future issues of SpaceViews for more information about this
section.
*** News ***
Former Astronaut Pete Conrad Dies
Former astronaut Charles "Pete" Conrad, the third human being
to set foot on the Moon, died in a motorcycle accident in southern
California Thursday, July 8. He was 69.
Conrad was riding a motorcycle with friends when he ran off
the road near Ojai, California, northwest of Los Angeles. He was
taken to a local hospital, where he died several hours later.
Conrad, born in Philadelphia in 1930, joined the astronaut
corps in 1962 as one of the nine members of the second astronaut
class. He first flew in space in 1965 as pilot of Gemini 5,
commanded by Mercury veteran Gordon Cooper. Conrad went on to
command Gemini 11, the next-to-last flight of the program, a year
later.
He was probably best known as commander of Apollo 12, the
second lunar landing mission. He and lunar module pilot Alan Bean
spent nearly eight hours on the surface of the moon in two spacewalks
in November 1969. Conrad's precision flying of the Apollo 12 lunar
module set them down just a short distance away from the unmanned
Surveyor 3 spacecraft that had landed there several years earlier.
Conrad stayed in the astronaut corps after the Apollo 12
mission and was assigned as commander of Skylab 2, the first manned
mission to America's first space station. That flight turned into an
emergency repair mission when Skylab was damaged during launch.
After Conrad and crew members Paul Weitz and Joseph Kerwin repaired
the station, they spent nearly a month there.
Conrad retired from NASA and the Navy after Skylab 2 and
later joined McDonnell Douglas, where he worked for 20 years. During
his time there he was involved with the Delta Clipper Experimental
(DC-X) project, including remotely flying the small prototype for a
single-stage to orbit launch vehicle from the ground.
In 1995 Conrad formed Universal Space Lines, a family of
companies involved with developing a commercial space infrastructure
ranging from launch vehicles to ground stations.
"He embodied the 'can-do' spirit of NASA, taking on problems
and dealing with them without a lot of fuss," NASA administrator Dan
Goldin said in a statement. "America has lost one of the great
aviators and explorers of the 20th century."
Conrad will be buried ar Arlington National Cemetary in a
ceremony scheduled for July 19. Several Apollo astronauts are
expected to attend the ceremonies.
Kazakhstan Lifts Ban on Baikonur Launches
The government has lifted a ban on most launches from the
Baikonur Cosmodrome, clearing the way for a critical launch later
this week of supplies to the Mir space station.
A Kazakh government official told Reuters that the government
had lifted the ban it imposed last week on all launches from Baikonur
except those using the Proton booster. Proton launches are still
banned while the investigation into a July 5 crash of a Proton
continues.
Russia had lobbied heavily for the ban to be lifted so it
could launch a Soyuz booster carrying a Progress-M cargo spacecraft
to Mir. That launch, originally slated for July 14, is now likely to
occur on Friday, July 16, or Sunday, July 18.
The Progress carries food, water, and other supplies and
equipment to Mir, including a new guidance computer for the station.
Russian officials said earlier in the week that if the Progress was
not launched by July 20, it would not be able to reach Mir with its
current cargo because it would have to expend extra fuel to reach the
station.
The supplies will allow the Mir crew to remain on the station
until late August, when they plan to return to Earth. Before leaving
they will install the new guidance computer, which will permit Mir to
remain in the proper attitude while left unmanned.
Russian Space agency officials had warned that if the
Progress was not launched, the crew would have to evacuate the
station. Moreover, Mir would have lost its attitude control,
complicating its planned reentry early next year.
Russia reportedly offered to pay over $100 million it owed to
Kazakhstan for rent of the Baikonur launch site, as well as
compensation for the Proton crash. Terms of the agreement were not
announced by Kazakh officials, though.
The lifting of the ban should also clear the way for the
launch this month of a Ukrainian Zenit 2 booster, carrying the
Russian-Ukrainian Okean remote sensing satellite. That launch,
originally planned for July 8, was delayed when Kazakhstan imposed
the ban on all Baikonur launches June 6. No date for the Zenit 2
launch has been announced.
There was also no indication on when Kazakhstan would again
permit Proton launches from Baikonur. Russian officials had said
earlier this month that they expect to wrap up the investigation into
the Proton crash, which has now been linked to an explosion in the
second stage of the Proton about four and a half minutes after
launch, possibly linked to a sudden temperature increase in one of
the second stage's engines.
NASA officials are carefully watching the Proton
investigation, since a Proton is scheduled to launch the Zvezda
service module for the International Space Station in November.
Near-Earth Asteroid No Longer A Collision Threat
The discovery of a 44-year-old photo of a near-Earth asteroid
has all but eliminated any possibility that the object could hit the
earth next century, astronomers reported July 12.
Two German amateur astronomers, Arno Gnadig and Andreas
Doppler, located a pre-discovery image of asteroid 1999 AN10 that
dates back to 1955. The image, taken as part of the first Palomar
Sky Survey, dates back to when the asteroid was making a close
approach to the Earth and visible high in northern skies.
Asteroid 1999 AN10 attracted attention earlier this year
shortly after its discovery, when astronomers computed its orbit and
discovered a billion-to-one chance that it could collide with Earth
in 2039. Later analysis discovered another possible impact with
500,000-to-1 in 2044.
Those predictions, though, were based on only few months'
worth of observations and thus had large uncertainties. The
discovery of the 1955 image allows astronomers to tie down the orbit
with much greater accuracy.
The refined orbit essentially eliminated any possibility of
an impact in 2039 and 2044. In fact, Brian Marsden and Gareth
Williams of the Minor Planet Center note that in 2044, 1999 AN10 will
be on the opposite side of the Sun, more than 320 million kilometers
(200 million miles) from the Earth at the time of the
previously-predicted impact.
The improved orbit also adjusted a close approach the
asteroid will make to the Earth in 2027. Instead of passing as close
as 32,600 km (20,200 mi.), the asteroid will pass at around 390,000
km (242,000 mi.), or about the Moon's distance from the Earth. The
asteroid will not pass close to the Earth until 2076, when it will
come no closer than 1.2 million kilometers (745,000 mi.) to the
Earth.
The revised orbit underscores the need to not only ramp up
current searches for near-Earth objects, but to dig into archives to
look for images that include the object prior to its discovery.
The discovery of the impact potential for 1999 AN10 was
publicized in April by Benny Peiser, moderator of a mailing list used
by the near-Earth asteroid research community. Peiser generated some
criticism for publicizing the earlier impact probabilities, but he
notes ironically now that the whole affair could have been avoided,
since the pre-discovery image is included in the publicly-accessible
Digital Sky Survey.
"It is quite astonishing that the teams involved in
calculating impact probabilities for 1999 AN10 apparently failed to
check this data before going public," he said in a message on his
list July 13. "After all, they could have avoided announcing a
short-term 'problem' right from the start."
"Unless we can improve this astronomical data base [of facts
and observations] substantially," he added, "we will have to rely on
short-lived and highly speculative probability statistics which begin
to look like a game of pure gamble."
NASA Confirms July 20 Shuttle Launch Date
NASA officials made July 20 the official launch date for
STS-93, the second shuttle mission of the year that features the
launch of the Chandra X-Ray Observatory and the first female
commander.
In a Thursday, July 8 briefing, shuttle managers confirmed
that STS-93 was on track to launch at 12:36 am EDT (0436 UT) July 20,
at the beginning of a 46-minute launch window. July 20 has been the
unofficial date crews had been working towards for a month prior to
Thursday's announcement.
The primary purpose of STS-93 is to deploy the Chandra X-Ray
Telescope (formerly the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Observatory, or
AXAF). The crew will deploy Chandra and its Interial Upper Stage
(IUS) booster engine from Columbia's cargo bay seven hours after
launch.
About an hour after deployment the IUS will begin a series of
burns that will eventually place Chandra into an elliptical orbit
between 10,000 and 140,000 km (6,200 and 87,000 mi.) above the Earth.
Problems with chandra have delayed the launch of STS-93 by
near a year. Most recently, a failure with an IUS used on a Titan 4
launch caused about a two-week delay while the Air Force, NASA, and
IUS builder Boeing worked together on an investigation. The results
of that investigation have not yet been released.
The rest of the mission will be devoted to a number of
secondary experiments. These projects range from studies of plant
growth in microgravity to tests of a new lightweight solar array
hinge to an ultraviolet astronomy experiment.
The focus of the mission, though, will be on its crew, and in
particular commander Eileen Collins, the first woman to command a
shuttle mission. Collins has attracted considerable attention since
she was first named commander of the mission in a White House
ceremony in March of 1998.
At a July 7 press conference, Collins said the selection of a
woman as a shuttle commander was "a long time coming," noting the
role women played to pioneer aviation early in the century.
Collins said First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton was
considering attending the launch, a possibility confirmed by White
House officials. Collins escorted President and Mrs. Clinton when
they attended the October 1998 launch of STS-95, featuring John
Glenn's second spacefight.
The other members of the STS-93 crew include rookie pilot
Jeffrey Ashby and mission specialists Steven Hawley, Cady Coleman,
and Michel Toganini, representing the French space agency CNES.
Assuming an on-time launch, Columbia will return to the
Kennedy Space Center for a landing just after 11:30 pm EDT July 24
(0330 UT July 25.)
Mir Air Leak Not Serious
A small loss of air pressure presents no danger to the crew
of the Russian space station Mir, officials said Saturday, July 10.
Officials at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center told the
Interfax news agency that the atmospheric pressure on Mir has been
dropping slowly over the last two weeks. Sources say the loss of
pressure has only been about 1 mm of Hg per day, amounting to only a
couple percent of Mir's air pressure overall.
"We are not treating this as an accident or an emergency, and
there is no need for panic," an unnamed official told Reuters. "They
[the Mir crew] have plenty of oxygen supplies."
The cause of the air pressure decrease is unknown. Engineers
originally hypothesized that changes in temperature in one of Mir's
modules was causing the air pressure change, but they acknowledge
that air could be leaking out through faulty valves or cracks in the
module's hull.
Officials have recommended to the three-man crew of Viktor
Afanasyev, Sergei Avdeyev, and French astronaut Jean-Pierre Haignere
that they close all internal hatches and monitor pressure as a way of
isolating the location of the pressure loss.
Delta Launches Globalstar Satellites
A Boeing Delta 2 successfully launched four Globalstar
satellites from Cape Canaveral, Florida, early Saturday, July 10.
The Delta 2 lifted off from Pad 17B at 4:45 am EDT (0845 UT).
No problems were reported to the launch, and the Delta 2's payload of
four Globalstar satellites were successfully placed into orbit.
The launch was originally scheduled for July 8, but delayed
on two successive days by high upper-level winds. Those winds
subsided to permit Saturday's launch.
The launch is the second in a series of four Delta 2 launches
planned for this summer to place one-third of Globalstar's
48-satellite constellation. The first took place June 10, with two
more planned for July 24 and August 14, both from Cape Canaveral.
With Saturday's launch, 28 Globalstar satellites are now in
orbit, 16 from four Delta 2 launches and 12 from three Soyuz
launches. Three more Soyuz and one more Delta 2 will be used this
fall to complete the constellation plus fly four on-orbit spares.
Globalstar plans to offer a limited version of its worldwide
phone service this fall after the series of summer Delta 2 launches
are complete. It will offer full phone service after the
constellation is completed late this year.
X-38 Completes Fourth Drop Test
The X-38, a prototype of a future crew return vehicle for the
International Space Station, successfully completed its fourth test
flight Friday, July 9.
X-38 vehicle #132 was dropped from a B-52 at an altitude of
9,500 meters (31,500 feet) Friday morning. The X-38 flew free for 31
seconds, the longest free flight yet, before deploying a new drogue
chute and gliding to a successful landing on the lakebed at Edwards
Air Force Base, California.
The flight was the second for this X-38 test vehicle, and the
fourth overall. Vehicle 132, which has better control surfaces and
instrumentation than the original test vehicle, first flew March 5.
Flights were delayed after that until a new drogue chute, capable of
flights at higher altitudes could be tested.
About four to five test flights of this X-38 vehicle are
planned for this year. Future test flights will raise the drop
altitude to 13,600 meters (45,000 feet) with longer flight times.
At the end of the year it will be joined by the original X-38
test vehicle, used in the drop tests last month and in March 1998 and
currently undergoing a refit. A full-scale version of the X-38
should also be available by early next year.
The X-38 is designed to serve as a crew return vehicle should
a medical emergency or other accident require the crew to evacuate
the station before a shuttle or other spacecraft could arrive at the
station. The spacecraft is also being considered for other purposes,
including use as a ferry vehicle launched atop a European Ariane 5
booster.
Teledesic Moves Ahead
Teledesic announced contracts July 9 with Motorola and
International Launch Services for the assembly and launch of its
constellation of low-Earth orbit communications satellites.
The contracts, plus word that the company has raised $1.5
billion in funding, provide new momentum for the broadband
communications provider that had appeared to stall out earlier this
year.
Teledesic said it reached an agreement with Motorola to serve
as the prime contractor for the Teledesic network. Motorola will
handle the engineering and construction of the satellite
constellation.
Teledesic also signed a contract with International Launch
Services, the joint venture between Lockheed Martin and Russian
aerospace firms Energia and Khrunichev, to launch the satellite
constellation. Teledesic purchased three launches each on the
heavy-lift Atlas 5 and Proton M boosters, with options for five more
launches on each vehicle.
No date for the first launches were given, but since both the
Atlas 5 and Proton M are in development the launches are not expected
for the near future. Lockheed Martin says the first flight of the
Atlas 5, an upgraded version of the Atlas 3, is not expected until
late 2001. The Proton M, an modernized version of the Proton K
currently in use, has not yet flown.
Missing from the announcement were technical details about
the Teledesic constellation. The Teledesic press release noted that
the company's contract with Motorola depended on a successful final
technical review, due in the next three months. At that time, the
company said, details of the Motorola contract and a description of
"the enhanced system design" would be publicized.
The last publicized version of the constellation called for
288 satellites, plus spares, in low Earth orbits. However, recent
speculation indicated that the number of satellites had gone down, to
perhaps as low as 120.
Teledesic also announced that it had raised $1.5 billion to
date to develop the system. This includes a $150 million investment
by Motorola, which joined the Teledesic effort in May 1998 when it
abandoned Celestri, its own broadband satellite constellation it was
planning.
However, Motorola, which is also a key investor in the
troubled Iridium satellite communications system, appeared to grow
hesitant about Teledesic in recent months, pulling a group of its
engineers off the project for a time. Some subcontractors also
followed suit. Those workers will likely return to the project, as
Teledesic paid Motorola $250 million as a down payment for its work
as prime contractor.
"We have savvy investors who understand the unique merits of
our business plan, including the differences between our services and
markets and those of others," Bill Owens, co-CEO and vice chairman of
Teledesic, said. "They also have a global perspective and understand
that this is a long-term undertaking that will help serve an unmet
worldwide need for broadband services."
SpaceViews Event Horizon
July 15-16 Lunar Base Development Symposium, League City, TX
July 16? Soyuz launch of the Progress-M 42 cargo spacecraft to
Mir from Baikonur, Kazakhstan
July 20 Launch of the shuttle <I>Columbia</I> on mission
STS-93 (Chandra X-Ray Telescope deployment) at
12:36 am EDT (0436 UT)
July 24 Delta 2 launch of four Globalstar satellites from
Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 7:33 am EDT (1133 UT)
July 24 Landing of the shuttle <I>Columbia</I> to end mission
STS-93 at the Kennedy Space Center, at 11:31 pm EDT
(0331 UT July 25)
July 31 Pegasus XL launch of 8 ORBCOMM satellites from
Kwajalein (Pacific Ocean)
July TBD Zenit 2 launch of the Okean O-N1 satellite from
Baikonur, Kazakhstan
August 4 Ariane 4 launch of the Indonesian Telekom-1
communications satellite from Kourou, French Guiana.
August 12-15 Mars Society 1999 Conference, Boulder, CO
September 23-26 Space Frontier Conference 8, Los Angeles, CA
Other News
Solar Wind Discovery: Scientists using data from two spacecraft have
figured out how the solar wind reaches speeds of up to 800 km/sec
(500 mi/sec), NASA announced July 8. Solar wind ions "surf" on waves
in the magnetic field lines of the Sun, accelerating them to the high
speeds that are twice as fast as predicted by theory. "These
vibrating magnetic waves give solar wind particles a push, just like
an ocean wave gives a surfer a ride," said John Kohl of the
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. The vibrating magnetic
fields, discovered by the SOHO spacecraft and the Spartan solar
science satellite deployed last fall on the STS-95 shuttle mission
that features John Glenn, solve a mystery about the speed of the
solar wind that had existed since the early 1960s.
Ariane Launch Schedule: Arianespace plans an aggressive launch
schedule for the rest of 1999, the company announced July 13.
Arianespace plans eight Ariane 4 and 5 launches from August through
December, starting with the Ariane 4 launch of the Telekom-1
satellite August 4. There have been only two Ariane launches this
year, and none since early April, because of delays delivering
satellite payloads to Ariane.
Plesetsk Launch: A Molniya booster launched a Russian military
communications satellite July 10 from Plesetsk, Russia. The
satellite, also called Molniya, was placed in an elliptical,
including orbit that better serves high latitude locations than
geosynchronous satellites. The launch was the first of the year from
Plesetsk, which had not seen a launch since two flights in December
1998.
GOES-L Delay: The newest weather satellite, GOES-L, will remain on
the ground until at least mid-October, officials with the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced July 12. The launch
has been delayed because of concerns about an RL-10 engine used in
the Centaur upper stage of the Atlas 2 booster that will launch
GOES-L. A similar engine apparently exploded during a Delta 3 launch
in May. The repairs will not be completed before late August, when
the fall eclipse season for geosynchronous satellites begins, as the
Earth blocks the Sun for up to 72 minutes a day. The eclipse season
ends in mid-October, and NOAA and Atlas builder Lockheed Martin will
then work to schedule a launch later in the month or in November.
NGST Contracts: Two aerospace companies were awarded contracts by
NASA last week to begin preliminary designs of the Next Generation
Space Telescope, the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. Two
teams, one led by Lockheed Martin and the other by TRW and Ball
Aerospace, received 30-month contracts of about $15 million each to
come up with preliminary designs of the NGST, which will feature an
8-meter (26.4-foot) mirror, several times larger than the one in
Hubble. One of the designs will be selected in 2001 for
construction, with launch planned in 2008.
Briefly: Scientists in New Zealand are on the hunt for traces of a
meteor which exploded over the country's North Island on July 7.
Astronomers have narrowed down the path of the meteor to a 100-km
strip partially over water, the New Zealand Herald reported July 12.
No traces of the meteor, whose original size is unknown, have yet
been found... Ehud Barak, the new prime minister of Israel, wants
the United States to set a date for the first flight of an Israeli on
the space shuttle. Two Israeli pilots have been training in the
United States but have not been assigned to any flights. Barak told
an Israeli newspaper than he hopes the U.S. will set a date during
Barak's upcoming trip to Washington... Through all the concern about
the fate of Mir, it's a little surprising a historic anniversary was
relatively ignored recently. July 11 marked the 20th anniversary of
the reentry of Skylab, America's first space station, as it burned up
and scattered debris over portions of the Indian Ocean and Australia.
That reentry was relatively harmless, so we can only hope for the
same next year when Mir's turn comes around...
*** Book Reviews ***
by Jeff Foust
The Last Man on the Moon: Astronaut Eugene Cernan and America's Race
in Space
by Eugene Cernan with Don Davis
St. Martin's Press, 1999
hardcover, 356pp., illus.
ISBN 0-312-19906-6
US$24.95/C$38.75
Buy this book at Amazon.com:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312199066/spaceviews
Gene Cernan holds the dubious distinction of being the last
person to walk on the Moon, as commander of Apollo 17. Of course,
it's not his fault that he was the last, but how he got to command
the final Apollo landing mission was an interesting story of
determination, fate, and luck both good and bad. Cernan tells the
story of Apollo 17, along with his career as an astronaut, in "The
Last Man on the Moon".
Cernan's book is a memoir that starts with his childhood days
outside Chicago, through college life at Purdue and his early career
as a naval aviator, though his selection and career as an astronaut.
The book includes vivid depictions of events such as Cernan's Gemini
9 spacewalk, which was fraught with trouble and danger, as well as
the Apollo 10 "dress rehearsal" which nearly ended in disaster for
Cernan and commander Tom Stafford.
Cernan minces no words in his account of his astronaut
career: he lets you know whom he liked and whom he didn't. In
particular, he includes several sharp barbs about Buzz Aldrin,
deflating Aldrin's claims to have revolutionized spacewalks on his
Gemini flight and criticizing Aldrin's grandstanding to be the first
to walk on the moon, an opinion Cernan said was shared by other
members of the astronaut corps.
There's little in the book about life after Apollo other than
a brief account of his departure from NASA for private industry and
his divorce and remarriage. However, Cernan's first person account
of the Gemini and Apollo programs gives timely new insights on NASA's
efforts to put a man on the moon, and how astronauts like Cernan
helped make it possible.
Totality: Eclipses of the Sun
by Mark Littmann, Ken Willcox, and Fred Espenak
Oxford University Press, 1999
softcover, 268pp., illus.
ISBN 0-19-513179-7
US$18.95
Buy this book at Amazon.com:
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195131797/spaceviews
Get ready for another case of eclipse fever. In August a
total solar eclipse will be visible from Europe through the Middle
East into India, with million gearing up to view the last total
eclipse of the century and millennium. (This is true whether you
consider 1999 or 2000 the last year of the century: there are no
total eclipses in 2000.) Just in time for this latest eclipse is the
second edition of "Totality", an excellent book solar eclipses.
The book, written by a trio of eclipse experts and
experienced observers (one of whom, Willcox, tragically passed away
earlier this year) starts with some basic information about eclipses
and early myths associated with them. The book then moves to more
modern eclipse accounts, including how scientists today use eclipses
to learn more about the Sun. Later chapters cover how to safely
observe and photograph eclipses.
One chapter of the book is dedicated the August 11 total
eclipse, and another covers eclipses that will occur over the next
half-century, making sure this book will not be easily outdated. The
authors manage to cover a wide range of topics -- from photography
tips to the complicated nature of eclipse cycles, or "saros" -- at
varying levels, and do so well. "Totality" is a great resource for
both the experienced eclipse chaser to the beginner eager to learn
more about eclipses.
*** Letters ***
Your Thoughts on Space Tourism
[Editor's Note: These letters are in response to our July 1 article
about the recent space tourism conference in Washington, accessible
online at http://www.spaceviews.com/1999/07/article1a.html. Letters
can be sent to letters@spaceviews.com.]
Possibily without intending to, Wolfgang Demisch, one of the
conference speakers, identifies the biggest problem in financing
space tourism today: given the current level of our tecyhnology, it's
pretty nearly impossible to create a credible business plan that goes
gradually. Everything is running on the ragged edge of disaster;
investors and insurers tend not to like that.
It's worth remembering that the Wright Brothers built their
first plane on the back of almost half a century of glider and engine
technology. Moreover, flight technology was further fast-tracked by
two world wars, yet it took the best part of six decades before air
tourism to really become something the masses might seriously aspire
to. Air tourism also had the advantage of international agreements
which expressly limited the compensation payable to victims of air
accidents... a extremely useful luxury that space tourism ventures
are highly unlikely to have. Under the circumstances, the development
of tourism-friendly launch vehicles may not be travelling as slowly
as some dreamers claim.
Robert Clements
The biggest problem facing space tourism is the red tape. The
licensing and insurance required to try it are taking over twice the
effort, and cost, as the engineering. The regulations for certifying,
licensing and even getting waivers to fly private space craft are
daunting. No one has any clear idea of the requirements or how to
answer them. Not other, larger, aerospace companies, not lawyers,
not NASA, AST, FAA, FCC, DoT or NSTB.
The science, engineering, physics and chemistry? They are the
easy part.
Jim Hill
Cerulean Freight Forwarding Company
The article on space tourism ignores the news article
"Explosion Cause of Delta 3 Failure" in the same issue.
Public awareness of the real risks is a significant limit to
the market. Tourism advocates don't seem to recognize that as a
significant issue. Even in Apollo, where dollar cost was not really
a consideration, there were accidents and loss of life.
The high mission loss rate reported in the news article
reflects the higher risks associated with today's cost driven
environment. Commercial operations can afford the risks when it is
just hardware and money. But most people want better odds before
risking their lives.
Michael McGuirk
Routine space tourist launch services, for a reasonable price
per flight, require new, completely reusable launch vehicles. The
turn-around time for these vehicles must be short, which means
aircraft-like operations. Furthermore, safety must be high, at least
comparable to that of "extreme" sports such as skydiving. For this a
high reliability and extensive abort possibilities are required.
No such space vehicle exists today. The Space Shuttle is only
partly reusable, has a turn-around time of several months and is much
too expensive to operate. Low-cost, reusable launch vehicles with
short turn-around times are only now under development by NASA
(VentureStar), ESA (FESTIP), NASDA and several private companies.
These vehicles are intended to lower launch costs for satellites. For
tourism these vehicles will still be rather expensive and safety is
too low for launching tourists: even a reliability of 99% (which is
high compared to current launch vehicles) means that of 100 launches,
1 vehicle does not make it to orbit. Imagine that in every 100
commercial aircraft flights one crashes or has to make an emergency
landing, that would mean several airplane emergency situations per
day! Rocket motors are still not even nearly as reliable as jet
engines.
Vehicles for space tourism could be the next generation of
reusable launchers, but first those now under development will have
to prove that routine, low-cost, safe operations with fast
turn-arounds are possible for regular satellite launches. Only then
will investors see the possibilities these kind of vehicles offer for
space tourism and be prepared to put any money into it. It's just too
early for space tourism; the market is there but the technology is
not (yet).
Michel van Pelt
I'm a 38 years old dentist who lives and works in Brazil.
I've visited the U.S. for 5 times. I've visited Cape Canaveral in
Florida twice and I love all subjects related to space science and
exploration. My dream is at least see one launch of the Space
Shuttle. But if I could go to space even for a few hours it would be
the most beautifull dream of my life. The risks are insignificant
when compared with such a wonderful idea.
Leopoldo Andriao Junior
========
This has been the July 15, 1999, issue of SpaceViews.
SpaceViews is also available on the World Wide web from the
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From VM Mon Jul 19 09:50:50 1999
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["163" "Sunday" "18" "July" "1999" "18:03:14" "-0600" "Ben Franchuk" "bfranchuk@jetnet.ab.ca" nil "5" "starship-design: A space ark." "^From:" nil nil "7" nil "starship-design: A space ark." nil nil nil]
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From: Ben Franchuk <bfranchuk@jetnet.ab.ca>
Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: "starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>,
Richard Hallock <fox@snowcrest.net>
Subject: starship-design: A space ark.
Date: Sun, 18 Jul 1999 18:03:14 -0600
A interesting but very graphic site on a ark in space. More fiction the
technical
but a nice change of pace.
http://genesis-space-station.simplenet.com/index.htm
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Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: "Starship-Design (E-mail)" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: starship-design: FW: SSRT: Space Access Update no. 87 (fwd)
Date: Tue, 20 Jul 1999 18:09:34 -0500
-----Original Message-----
From: listserv@ds.cc.utexas.edu [mailto:listserv@ds.cc.utexas.edu]On
Behalf Of Chris W. Johnson
Sent: Tuesday, July 20, 1999 3:41 PM
To: Single Stage Rocket Technology News
Subject: SSRT: Space Access Update no. 87 (fwd)
You'll find two forwarded items in this message:
(1) Space Access Society Political Alert 07/19/99
(2) Space Access Update #87 7/19/99
=========================================================================
Date: Tue, 20 Jul 1999 01:19:30 -0400 (EDT)
From: Donald L Doughty <spacelst@world.std.com>
To: DC-X <delta-clipper@world.std.com>
Subject: Space Access Political Alert 7/19/99 (fwd)
Reply-To: delta-clipper@world.std.com
Space Access Society Political Alert 07/19/99
This one is important - it's one of our top priorities for this
year. (See Update #81 at www.space-access.org for details.)
Please give it everything you've got.
Summary: The Senate HUD/VA (NASA) Appropriations bill is scheduled for
subcommittee then committee "markup" this week, starting Wednesday
July 21st. The House equivalent is scheduled for markup starting
next Monday, July 26th. If your Representative or a Senator from
your state is on the House or Senate Appropriations Committee (see
attached lists) please call fax or write them at their Washington
office and ask them to do two things in the NASA Appropriation
markup:
- Add $50 million to NASA Future-X for reusable rocket low-cost
flight operability demonstrations done as small business setasides,
to encourage increased competition in the space launch business.
- Do not add any funding for the premature and oversold "Spaceliner
100" airbreathing launch vehicle project, as a matter of priorities.
Background, Item 1: We're pushing for startup funding for one or
more NASA Future-X low-cost fast-turnaround high-speed reusable-
rocket flight operations demonstrators, done as small business
setasides, with a goal of $100 million or less (Future-X
"Pathfinder" class projects) per flight vehicle program. The majors
all have their own X-rocket projects, none to date very promising as
far as significantly cheaper launch goes. We think it's time to
give one or more of the entrepreneurial startup launch companies a
chance to show what they can do on a shoestring.
Background, Item 2: The "Spaceliner 100" RBCC-engined (RBCC is a
notional hybrid rocket-airbreather) space launch vehicle project has
been repeatedly oversold in recent months, to the point where we
think the overstated and sometimes downright deceptive claims being
made are actively damaging the already-fragile commercial investment
environment for more proven near-term low-cost launch approaches.
We approve of ongoing research aimed at bringing the various
"Spaceliner 100" technologies closer to ready for prime time. We
strongly oppose attempts to fund a half-billion-dollar flight
vehicle project based on an as-yet hypothetical engine at the
expense of real current commercial reusable launch vehicle projects.
We think initiation of a $500 million "Spaceliner" flight vehicle
project is both grossly premature in terms of the state of the
technologies involved, and damaging to the near-term chances of
implementing far more mature low-cost launch technologies.
How To Do It
If your Representative or one or both of your Senators is on the
lists at the end of this alert, get their DC office address, fax
number, or phone number from www.vote-smart.org. (Alternative: make
a call to your local library information desk.)
Compose a polite concise one-page latter to them, identifying
yourself as a constituent of theirs, telling them what you'd like
them to do, then briefly explaining why - just hit one or two high
points, don't overexplain. Thank them for their attention, sign the
letter, and send it. Paper mail is best if it can get there in
time, fax is a close second (a voice call is good too) and email is
way back in last place, as far as the chances of getting attention -
staffers are aware paper mail, faxes, or phone calls take more
effort, so they take these more seriously.
If you can't fax, then phone their DC office number, ask for whoever
handles NASA appropriations questions, then when connected to that
staffer (or more likely their voice mail) tell them briefly who you
are ("I'm Joe Smith from Missouri") and what you want them to do,
then (unless they have questions) thank them for their time and ring
off.
Thanks!
Space Access Society
www.space-access.org
Senate Appropriations Committee Members
* HUD/VA (NASA) Subcommittee member
- Republicans
Ted Stevens (AK), Chair
Thad Cochran (MS)
Arlen Specter (PA)
Pete Domenici (NM)
Christopher Bond (MO) * (Subcommittee chair)
Slade Gorton (WA)
Mitch McConnell (KY)
Conrad Burns (MT) *
Richard Shelby (AL) *
Judd Gregg (NH)
Robert Bennett (UT)
Ben Nighthorse Campbell (CO)
Larry Craig (ID) *
Kay Bailey Hutchison (TX) *
Jon Kyl (AZ) *
- Democrats
Robert Byrd (WV), Rnk. Mem. *
Daniel Inouye (HI)
Ernest Hollings (SC)
Patrick Leahy (VT) *
Frank Lautenberg (NJ) *
Tom Harkin (IA) *
Barbara Mikulski (MD) * (Subcommittee RMM)
Harry Reid (NV)
Herbert Kohl (WI)
Patty Murray (WA)
Byron Dorgan (ND)
Dianne Feinstein (CA)
Richard Durbin (IL)
House Appropriations Committee Members
* HUD/VA Subcommittee member
C.W. Bill Young, Florida, Chairman
Ralph Regula, Ohio
Jerry Lewis, California
John Edward Porter, Illinois
Harold Rogers, Kentucky
Joe Skeen, New Mexico
Frank R. Wolf, Virginia
Tom DeLay, Texas *
Jim Kolbe, Arizona
Ron Packard, California
Sonny Callahan, Alabama
James Walsh, New York * (Subcommittee chair)
Charles H. Taylor, North Carolina
David L. Hobson, Ohio *
Ernest J. Istook, Jr., Oklahoma
Henry Bonilla, Texas
Joe Knollenberg, Michigan *
Dan Miller, Florida
Jay Dickey, Arkansas
Jack Kingston, Georgia
Rodney P. Frelinghuysen, New Jersey *
Roger F. Wicker, Mississippi *
Michael P. Forbes, New York
George R. Nethercutt, Jr., Washington
Randy "Duke" Cunningham, California
Todd Tiahrt, Kansas
Zach Wamp, Tennessee
Tom Latham, Iowa
Anne Northup, Kentucky *
Robert Aderholt, Alabama
Jo Ann Emerson, Missouri
John E. Sununu, New Hampshire *
Kay Granger, Texas
John E. Peterson, Pennsylvania
David R. Obey, Wisconsin
John P. Murtha, Pennsylvania
Norman D. Dicks, Washington
Martin Olav Sabo, Minnesota
Julian C. Dixon, California
Steny H. Hoyer, Maryland
Alan B. Mollohan, West Virginia * (Subcommittee RMM)
Marcy Kaptur, Ohio *
Nancy Pelosi, California
Peter J. Visclosky, Indiana
Nita M. Lowey, New York
Jose E. Serrano, New York
Rosa L. DeLauro, Connecticut
James P. Moran, Virginia
John W. Olver, Massachusetts
Ed Pastor, Arizona
Carrie P. Meek, Florida *
David E. Price, North Carolina *
Chet Edwards, Texas
Robert E. "Bud" Cramer, Jr., Alabama *
James E. Clyburn, South Carolina
Maurice D. Hinchey, New York
Lucille Roybal-Allard, California
Sam Farr, California
Jesse L. Jackson, Jr., Illinois
Carolyn C. Kilpatrick, Michigan
Allen Boyd, Florida
*end*
=========================================================================
Date: Tue, 20 Jul 1999 01:18:40 -0400 (EDT)
From: Donald L Doughty <spacelst@world.std.com>
To: DC-X <delta-clipper@world.std.com>
Subject: Space Access Update #87 7/19/99 (fwd)
Reply-To: delta-clipper@world.std.com
Space Access Update #87 7/19/99
Copyright 1999 by Space Access Society
__________________________________________________________________
Stories This Issue:
- Key Weeks Here For Congressional RLV Funding in NASA, DOD
- FAA RLV Launch/Reentry Regs Comment Period Closes Tuesday
- Departed Friends
- Thirty Years Since "One Small Step" - Editorial
________________________________________________________________________
Key Weeks For Congressional Space Funding
Our two main Federal funding priorities this year are $50 million
new money for NASA Future-X reusable rocket flight ops demos
("X-Ops") done as small-business setasides in order to foster new
competition in the space-launch market, and $35 million in new money
for USAF reusable rocket upper stage work (the X-40B "Space Maneuver
Vehicle"). (See www.space-access.org/updates/sau81.html for more
details.)
Congress and the White House continue to maneuver over potential
future surpluses, the '97 deficit deal spending caps, and tax cuts.
Congress is trying to get the actual spending legislation, the dozen
or so Appropriations Bills, done before the August congressional
recess, so as to avoid late-September clock pressure (FY'00 actually
starts October 1st) if the White House vetoes any of them.
The '97 deficit deal caps have been partially dodged till now via
creative accounting, but that won't work this year - the bills are
coming due. The combination of the post-Kosovo defense increase and
deferred cuts coming home to roost would mean something like a 10%
cut to (among other things) NASA next year, *if* the caps are held
to. The deficit hawks want to stick to the caps, the White House
wants to forget about them, while much of the Congress is somewhere
in between. The probable result is a compromise - we'd guess NASA
will still be cut, but likely by a lot less than 10%.
The short version of what this means for us is twofold:
One, the actual money bill for NASA, the HUD, VA, and Independent
Agencies FY'00 Appropriation, is now scheduled to be "marked up" in
committee on the Senate side this coming Wednesday, July 21st, and
in the House on Monday July 26th. These dates have slipped
repeatedly in recent weeks, but we don't think there's much room for
them to slip more without pushing them into September.
The DOD appropriation, meanwhile, has already been passed by the
Senate (with $25 million for USAF SMV), is likely to be passed by
the House this week (with $12.5 million for USAF SMV), and (our best
guess) will likely go to conference before the August recess - we
plan to push hard for higher funding in the conference.
Two, there will still be considerable pressure on NASA funding.
Getting new money for Future-X reusable rocket flight ops demos,
something we think is key to getting cheap space transportation in
this generation, will take all the push we've got. We also, alas,
need to oppose startup funding for the "Spaceliner 100" airbreathing
space launcher project, as a matter of priorities - the RBCC engine
technology just isn't there yet, and there simply isn't enough money
to do needed near-term rocket work and start a premature "NASP II"
project also - "Spaceliner" proponents have talked about spending
$500 million through 2004.
If either of your Senators, or your Representative is on an
Appropriations committee (you can check at www.vote-smart.org) we
need you - yes, you - to write them a letter or give them a phone
call, and ask them to:
- Add $50 million to NASA Future-X for reusable rocket low-cost
flight operations demonstrations done as small business setasides.
- Do not add any funding for the premature "Spaceliner 100"
project, as a matter of priorities.
The current deadline for the Senate is, Wednesday July 21st for the
HUD/VA subcommittee markup, Thursday for the full Appropriations
committee markup. In the House, next Monday for the HUD/VA
subcommittee markup, Tuesday the full committee. These dates may
yet slip again - but even if they do, your timely effort will be a
huge help in getting what's needed in a very tight NASA budget.
For more details on how to do this, see the Alerts we'll be sending
out after this, or check our website, www.space-access.org. Thanks!
________________________________________________________________________
FAA RLV Launch/Reentry Regs Comment Period Closes Tuesday
The ninety-day comment period on FAA AST's NPRM (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking) on Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) launch and reentry
safety regulations closes Tuesday, July 20th - all comments must
arrive at FAA in writing by close of business tomorrow. For any
procrastinators among the affected parties, the .pdf text of the
proposed regulations can be found at
http://ast.faa.gov/licensing/regulations
with a posting date of April 20th.
________________________________________________________________________
Departed Friends
Most of you likely know by now that Pete Conrad, third man on the
moon, only man to vertical-land rockets on two planets, and founder
of the USL group of space operations companies, died last week after
a motorcycle accident, and is being buried today in Arlington
National Cemetary.
Pete Conrad could have rested on his laurels after leaving NASA, but
didn't - he continued actively advancing the space business as a key
figure in the DC-X reusable rocket demonstrator program and then as
founder and head of USL. If he'd lived another ten years, we
wouldn't have bet against him landing on the Moon again, in a ship
his company owned this time - and he would have been at the controls.
Pete Conrad had his head in the stars but his feet firmly planted on
the ground. Our sympathy goes out to his family and friends. We'll
miss him.
________________________________________________________________________
Thirty Years Since "One Small Step"
- Henry Vanderbilt, Executive Director, Space Access Society
Thirty years ago this Tuesday, I recall a hot still summer afternoon
in the bunkroom of our vacation shack in the Connecticut woods, my
ear glued to my (six-transistor!) radio, finally hearing those words
crackling over the air - "Houston, this is Tranquility Base - the
Eagle has landed." I'd blown off going to the beach that day with
the rest of my family, I was just too into following the Moon
mission. Once they were actually down safely I was excited enough a
thirteen-year-old that my dad drove us both back up to Boston so we
could watch the first moonwalk on our old black-and-white TV that
evening. I was totally pumped - a dream was coming true.
If you had told me then that thirty years and near a half-trillion
dollars later, the US would just be getting started on its second
space station, twenty years after trashing the first, I would have
thought you were nuts. Thirty years and a half-trillion dollars? A
growing Lunar base for sure, likely a foothold on Mars too, miners
fanning out to the asteroids, and the first probes to nearby stars
leaving soon, that's what I would have reasonably expected.
Tuesday July the 20th 1999 is a day to remember proudly what we've
achieved in the past, but it's also a day to contemplate the decades
of time and mountains of dollars we've wasted (and continue to
waste) on bureaucratic self-perpetuation since Apollo. "Keeping the
team together" in hindsight was the recipe for institutional
sclerosis in what has become the NASA-Industrial complex. The
massive manned-space part of the agency still hasn't recovered, and
may never recover, absent political will to do what should have been
done post-Apollo: Define a realistic new mission, and redesign the
organization from scratch to meet it.
In the last ten years, we've started moving forward again, taking
chances again, building and flying X-vehicles, developing new
engines (there are more new rocket engines in test in the US right
now than at any time since the early sixties), and perhaps most
radical of all, beginning to figure out how to do space the way that
endures - at a profit.
We are however doing this far more in spite of than aided by the
institutional dinosaurs of the NASA-Industrial complex. We don't
see any practical way to reform them; the bureaucratic and political
inertia involved is massive. We anticipate that they will keep
plodding along doing a hugely expensive minimal manned-space program
until they stumble into some form of self-destruction.
Our main hope is to bypass them, staying out from under the
dinosaurs' feet when possible, giving them the occasional hotfoot
when they do try to step on us.
Not exactly the best of all possible worlds, thirty years after Neil
Armstrong's giant leap for mankind - but it beats the hell out of no
hope at all. It's a good day to think about all the hard work still
ahead of us, and to resolve to never dig ourselves a hole this large
again.
________________________________________________________________________
Space Access Society's sole purpose is to promote radical reductions
in the cost of reaching space. You may redistribute this Update in
any medium you choose, as long as you do it unedited in its entirety.
________________________________________________________________________
Space Access Society
http://www.space-access.org
space.access@space-access.org
"Reach low orbit and you're halfway to anywhere in the Solar System"
- Robert A. Heinlein
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Subject: starship-design: Clarke's Laws
Date: Thu, 22 Jul 1999 12:57:12 -0700 (PDT)
Hello All,
I have heard of Clarke's 2nd Law, "All sufficiently advanced
technology is indisitnguishable from magic", But i have always heard that
second-hand, usually in discussions about human ET relations. I was
wondering if anyone on the group knew what the title of clarke's original
essay/book having to do with the "laws" was.
Thanks,
Nels Lindberg
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Subject: Re: starship-design: Clarke's Laws
Date: Thu, 22 Jul 1999 21:58:40 EDT
In a message dated 7/22/99 2:59:41 PM, nlindber@u.washington.edu writes:
>Hello All,
> I have heard of Clarke's 2nd Law, "All sufficiently advanced
>technology is indistinguishable from magic", But i have always heard that
>second-hand, usually in discussions about human ET relations. I was
>wondering if anyone on the group knew what the title of clarke's original
>essay/book having to do with the "laws" was.
>Thanks,
>Nels Lindberg
I'm not sure it was even something written in his essays.
Kelly
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Subject: Re: starship-design: Clarke's Laws
Date: Sat, 24 Jul 1999 18:55:32 +1000
Hi Guys,
The original statement is in "Report On Planet Three" or "Profiles of the
Future". It's definitely something he wrote as he refers to it many times
elsewhere. I think the original context was about starflight.
Adam
----- Original Message -----
From: <KellySt@aol.com>
To: <nlindber@u.washington.edu>; <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Sent: Friday, July 23, 1999 11:58 AM
Subject: Re: starship-design: Clarke's Laws
>
> In a message dated 7/22/99 2:59:41 PM, nlindber@u.washington.edu writes:
>
> >Hello All,
> > I have heard of Clarke's 2nd Law, "All sufficiently advanced
> >technology is indistinguishable from magic", But i have always heard
that
> >second-hand, usually in discussions about human ET relations. I was
> >wondering if anyone on the group knew what the title of clarke's original
> >essay/book having to do with the "laws" was.
> >Thanks,
> >Nels Lindberg
>
>
> I'm not sure it was even something written in his essays.
>
> Kelly
>
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Subject: starship-design: WHERE ARE THEY?
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 11:05:31 -0500
WHERE ARE THEY?
What follows is a commentary on several recent theories regarding life in
our galaxy and my ideas on the results of these theories when applied to the
Drake Equation in attempt to answer Fermi's Paradox.
Drake's Equation (see http://www.seti.org/drake-eq.html for an explanation)
has been a past topic of conversation here many times. I first came across
this equation many years ago and have been fascinated with it ever since.
For those of you not familiar with it, it basically an algebraic
representation of the probability for the existence of life, and in
particular, intelligent life in our galaxy. This was in response to Fermi's
famous query, "Where are they?", now called Fermi's Paradox.
I am always interested in any ideas or theories that would help to answer
Fermi's question and recently two new theories have been propounded that
bear directly upon the parameters for Drake's Equation. The equation itself
is fairly straight forward. Choosing values for each of the variables
however, is not so easy. Many of these variables must be no more than
educated guesses. Different values for some of the variables can produce
wildly different results, hence a better understanding of the conditions
which define those variables can make an enormous difference in the accuracy
of the equations solution.
GAMMA RAY BURSTS
The first new theory is from James Annis, an astrophysicist at Fermilab near
Chicago. He thinks cataclysmic gamma-ray bursts often sterilize galaxies,
wiping out life forms before they have evolved sufficiently to leave their
planet (Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol 52, p 19). GRBs
are thought to be the most powerful explosions in the Universe, releasing as
much energy as a supernova in seconds. Many scientists think the bursts
occur when the remnants of dead stars such as neutron stars or black holes
collide.
Annis points out that each GRB unleashes devastating amounts of radiation.
"If one went off in the Galactic center, we here two-thirds of the way out
on the Galactic disc would be exposed over a few seconds to a wave of
powerful gamma rays." He believes this would be lethal to life on land.
The rate of GRBs is about one burst per galaxy every few hundred million
years. But Annis says theories of GRBs suggest the rate was much higher in
the past, with galaxies suffering one strike every few million years -- far
shorter than any plausible time scale for the emergence of intelligent life
capable of space travel. That, says Annis, may be the answer to Fermi's
question. "They just haven't had enough time to get here yet," he says. "The
GRB model essentially resets the available time for the rise of intelligent
life to zero each time a burst occurs."
Paul Davies, a visiting physicist at Imperial College, London, says the
basic idea for resolving the paradox makes sense. "Any Galaxy-wide
sterilizing event would do," he says. However, he adds that GRBs may be too
brief: "If the drama is all over in seconds, you only zap half a planet. The
planet's mass shields the shadowed side." Annis counters that GRBs are
likely to have many indirect effects, such as wrecking ozone layers that
protect planets from deadly levels of ultraviolet radiation.
Annis also highlights an intriguing implication of the theory: the current
rate of GRBs allows intelligent life to evolve for a few hundred million
years before being zapped, possibly giving it enough time to reach the space
faring stage. "It may be that intelligent life has recently sprouted up at
many places in the Galaxy and that at least a few groups are busily engaged
in spreading."
LARGE MOONS
The second theory deals with a surprising connection between the conditions
required for a total eclipse and for the emergence of intelligent life.
Guillermo Gonzalez of the University of Washington in Seattle points out
that our distance from the Sun is a necessary condition for us to be here.
"If we were a little nearer or farther from the Sun, the Earth would be too
hot or too cold and so uninhabitable," says Gonzalez. At the same time our
existence depends on an unusually large moon since its pull stops the Earth
wobbling around too much on its axis and causing wild and catastrophic
swings in climate like those on Mars. Our Moon, which is unusually large
compared to those in almost all other planet-moon systems, probably formed
from molten material blasted from the Earth during the impact of a giant
body more than 4 billion years ago.
In the current issue of Astronomy & Geophysics (vol 40, p 3.18), Gonzalez
points out that the way the Moon formed means it started off very close to
the Earth and has taken several billion years to move far enough away until
it precisely covers the Sun during an eclipse. "The timescale is very
similar to that of the appearance of intelligent life," he says. "It is
therefore not such a big coincidence that we are around at the time when it
is possible to see total eclipses."
Because tidal effects cause the Moon to slowly recede from the Earth,
perfect eclipses have been visible only for about 150 million years and will
continue for only another 150 million years, about 5 per cent of the current
age of the Earth. Furthermore, Earth is the only planet in our Solar System
where a perfect eclipse is visible, although there are 64 other moons.
If Gonzalez is right, then all extraterrestrials, wherever they are, are
likely to live on planets like ours that experience total eclipses. But
since an unusually large Moon is rare, he says, this suggests that both ETs
and total eclipses are very rare indeed.
WHAT IT MEANS
Taken together, these two factors enormously reduce the values of at least
one and probably as many as three variables to practically zero offering at
least one possible answer to Fermi's query, there aren't any...
If you consider all of the factors you can write a simple relation, using
Drake's Equation, for estimating the probability. I use the word "estimate"
intentionally because our knowledge of most of the factors is so poor that
we are really only guessing.
Drake's Equation, involves 7 factors as follows:
|Number of | |Rate | |Fraction| |Number | |Fraction|
|civilizations| |of | |of stars| |of | |of |
|in our galaxy| |star | |with | |planets | |planets |
|capable of | = |formation| X |planets | X |per star| X |on which|
|communication| |(per | |with | |life |
|now | |year) | |suitable| |appears |
|environ-|
|ment |
|Fraction| |Fraction | |Longevity |
|of life | |of | |of each |
|bearing | |intelli- | |technology |
x |planets | X |gent | X |in |
|on which| |societies| |communi- |
|intelli-| |which | |cative |
|gence | |develop | |mode (years)|
|emerges | |communi- |
|cation |
|ability |
Suppose you guessed that stars in our galaxy form at the rate of one per
year (probably not a bad estimate), that 1/5 of the stars have planets (no
one knows), that there are 0.0005859375 planets with stable environments
(length of time between GRBs divided by the age of our solar system times
the fraction of planets with suitable moons in our solar system ), that life
appears on each (fraction = 1), that intelligence emerges on each of these
(fraction= 1), that 1/10 of these develop communication capability and that
these remain in this state for 1000 years. Then, it works out that the
number is 0.01171875. In other words, in one hundred thousand years, only
one intelligent, communicative civilization would appear, far less than most
current speculations.
Note that other than the value for suitable life bearing planets, all of the
rest of the values were heavily in favor of intelligent life developing.
Reducing either of the next two factors to reasonable levels further reduces
the odds by several orders of magnitude.
If you accept these two theories (and remember, they are just theories),
then in all likelihood Earth is the only planet in the galaxy that currently
harbors intelligent life.
L. Parker
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Subject: starship-design: The Next Thirty Years: A Business Vision
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 09:33:03 -0500
Reposted from SpaceDaily
The Next Thirty Years: A Business Vision
by Joe Schembrie
AstroTug Corporation
Seattle - July 19, 1999 - Thirty years ago, when the Apollo astronauts
became the first humans to voyage to the Moon, they surveyed the lunar
landscape and spoke of 'magnificent desolation.' Thirty years later, the
Moon is still as desolate as they left it. Will it be that way thirty years
from now?
Back in the 1960s, we had so many heady dreams that never came to pass. We
thought that the Apollo missions would be followed up by regular flights to
the Moon. There would soon be a refueling base, and then even colonies. Next
stop: Mars.
Why not? The government was spending 5.7 % of the federal budget on the
space program. Massive government spending would buy the rockets, the
stations, the moon bases. The best and brightest, attracted to government
service through selfless dedication, would plan every step. Enduring
motivation would be provided through government-mandated goals of national
prestige, defense, and science.
Then the taxpayers grumbled, and the ordering of governmental priorities was
altered. Thirty years of space-advocate cheerleading for public funding has
coincided with a seven-fold decline in NASA's budget and the indefinite
postponement of trips beyond Earth orbit. The bad news is, today we're in
competition before Congress with a million other bright ideas on how to
spend other people's tax money -- and all of them are 'for the children.'
The good news is, today we no longer have to rely solely on government to
advance the cause of human space exploration. The computer and
communications revolutions are creating an ever-increasing demand for
commercial satellites. A hundred-billion-dollar launch services market cries
out for cheap access to space. And what a market that big wants, it usually
gets.
Following is a brief scenario of how private enterprise might advance the
human space endeavor. It's not a call for a government industrial planning
agency. It's not a call for special subsidies. It's not the business plan of
any one company. It's simply some speculations on how that much-maligned
motivator known as 'short-term profit-seeking' may well lure us back to the
Moon -- this time not just to plant footprints, but to establish cities.
The Personal Space Initiative begins with cheap access to space. Reusable
Launch Vehicles are already being built which will replace the far more
expensive throwaway vehicles presently used to launch satellites. Within the
next four years, by 2004, surely one such vehicle will be orbiting payloads
for less than $1000/pound.
First-generation RLVs will be too small to place large payloads directly
into high orbit. Instead, they will launch satellite and orbital transfer
fuel on separate flights into Low Earth Orbit. A teleoperated space tug,
guided by humans and computers on the ground, will shepherd the satellite
and fuel together and push them toward Geosynchronous Earth Orbit -- and
beyond.
For such LEO-to-GEO transfers, ion propulsion in place of chemical-fuel
propulsion will save thousands of pounds of fuel per space tug mission. With
fuel transported from Earth into low orbit costing $1000/pound, millions of
dollars will be saved per mission. NASA's Deep Space One probe has already
proven that ion propulsion is feasible for inner solar system space flight.
A reusable ion space tug can be built now and be ready for transorbital
missions when RLVs need them, around 2005.
Yet ion propulsion is slow to accelerate, and can take a month or more
pushing a satellite from LEO to GEO -- and time is a very critical cost
issue when satellite depreciation and interest charges run to millions of
dollars per month. An alternative, preferable source of high-thrust chemical
fuel for orbital transfer missions can be found on the Moon, where lunar ice
can be mined and converted into hydrogen-oxygen fuel by teleoperated
equipment, and then transported by teleoperated vehicles down to LEO for
only a few dollars per pound. 'Lunar Express' can be in service by 2007.
The satellite orbital transfer business will annually require hundreds of
thousands of pounds of lunar ice/fuel to be shipped from Luna to LEO. Why
couldn't humans ride to the Moon on the return trips? Perhaps by 2009, a
human will revisit the Moon aboard a teleoperated moon shuttle.
Humans on the Moon will prospect for rare metals. For an overall transport
cost which is a tiny fraction of their market value, gold, platinum,
palladium, and even silver mined on the Moon can be lifted into lunar orbit
with chemical rockets whose hydrogen-oxygen fuel is derived from lunar ice,
and then towed down to LEO with ion space tugs, and then dropped from LEO to
Earth's surface inside disposable atmospheric entry shells. Lunar rare
metals -- a potential twenty billion dollar a year industry -- should be
discovered by 2011.
In just four years, the California Gold Rush drew two hundred thousand
people across a continental divide as formidable in the nineteenth century
as the distance between Earth and Moon will be in the twenty-first. A
multi-billion dollar lunar mining industry could afford and rapidly attract
thousands of miners as soon as a major strike occurs. And with that
$1000/pound shipping charge from Earth, there will be a powerful incentive
to grow food, manufacture clothing, and construct habitats from local
materials. Accomplishing those tasks of lunar self-sufficiency will be
thousands of additional workers -- and entrepreneurs.
Lunar mining company executives will want to retain people rather than ship
them up from Earth in rapid rotation, and that means making the lunar
environment as hospitable as possible. Perhaps cities will resemble
something along the lines of multiple stadium-like enclosures, with a
transparent dome over a central parkland, ringed by condominiums and shops.
The first such lunar atrium, housing as many as a thousand humans, could be
erected by 2015.
As life on the Moon proceeds from magnificent desolation to comfortable
self-sufficiency, and second-generation RLVs bring the cost of space access
down to $100/pound or less, other reasons for lunar colonization open up.
There's space tourism. There's old folks retirement (for those in their late
seventies and older, low gravity can make the difference between an active
and sedentary lifestyle). And the environmental laws will be looser and the
taxes lower (we hope).
By 2030, the Moon could be speckled with numerous large domed ecospheres,
filled with trees and lakes gleaming beneath the earthlight, populated by
creative and industrious pioneers who consider themselves not so much the
offspring of earthly states as the founding citizens of an interplanetary
civilization.
The Apollo astronauts saw a barren, airless, lifeless world that made them
glad to come home. The Moon has remained in that pristine but slaglike state
for thirty years. But thirty years from now, there will be enterprises and
cities, gardens and even young forests on the Moon.
How soon can this vision be realized? Ion tugs could be ready when RLVs are,
and once teleoperated vehicles are in routine service to the Moon, it will
be difficult to restrain humans from hitching rides. Creative individual
initiative and the profit motive could make it all happen sooner than
currently thought. What is certain is that the journey back to the Moon has
already begun.
With appropriately directed enthusiasm, all of this will be achieved in the
private sector, driven by market forces -- without grumbling taxpayers,
without subsidies, without the 'guidance' of a central planning agency --
for much less cost than grandiose governmental efforts. Giant political
leaps failed, but small private steps will not. There's just too much money
to be made. That's why, thirty years from now, there will be regular flights
to the Moon, and a refueling base, and even colonies. And perhaps well
before that time, there will be an intrepid lunar entrepreneur with enough
vision to say, "Next Stop: Mars."
Joe Schembrie, a lifelong space enthusiast, has a BS in Electrical
Engineering and an MBA from the University of Washington. An engineer who
has worked for the US Department of the Navy and the Boeing Airplane
Company, he is currently President of Astrotug, a company dedicated to the
development of teleoperated space tugs.
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Subject: starship-design: WHERE ARE THEY?
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 10:06:10 -0700 (PDT)
There is some recent theoretical work suggesting that gamma-ray
bursts are non-isotropic, meaning that they do not radiate
equally in all directions. These models claim that gamma-ray
bursts happen when a massive star in a particular mass range
undergoes a core collapse; a black home forms in the core, an
accretion disk forms around the black hole from matter that has
not yet fallen into the core, and the accretion disk creates two
extremely energetic relativistic particle beams perpendicular to
the disk. These blast through the outer layers of the star and
create the gamma-ray burst when they impact the interstellar
medium. So from two directions you can see a gamma-ray burst,
but from other directions the star looks mostly like a normal
supernova.
If this is true then gamma-ray burst events are even more common,
but we can see only those whose beams point at us. However, it
is then unlikely that gamma-ray bursts can sterilize galaxies.
I have heard other claims that our large moon influenced the
development of life on this planet, but your summary of Guillermo
Gonzalez's claim that intelligent life is somehow connected to
the presense of solar eclipses doesn't even attempt to speculate
why these necessarily have to be connected.
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Reply-To: "Curtis L. Manges" <clmanges@worldnet.att.net>
From: "Curtis L. Manges" <clmanges@worldnet.att.net>
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To: "starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: Re: starship-design: WHERE ARE THEY?
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 14:11:06 -0400
Hello all,
For another possible explanation for GRB's, click this link:
www.rideau.net/~gaasbeek/index.html#contents . This puts you on the
index page, in case you'd like to check out the other papers. From
there, scroll down to the table of contents and click on paper number 4,
"Frames of Reference: Part Two". Look for the discussion on observation
of superluminal stars, and you'll find what I'm talking about.
This guy seems to make sense, and I think his work deserves a serious
look, especially since he's good enough about it to include his
equations. I'd just be curious to hear some of your reactions to it.
Keep looking up,
Curtis
Steve VanDevender wrote:
> There is some recent theoretical work suggesting that gamma-ray
> bursts are non-isotropic, meaning that they do not radiate
> equally in all directions. These models claim that gamma-ray
> bursts happen when a massive star in a particular mass range
> undergoes a core collapse; a black home forms in the core, an
> accretion disk forms around the black hole from matter that has
> not yet fallen into the core, and the accretion disk creates two
> extremely energetic relativistic particle beams perpendicular to
> the disk. These blast through the outer layers of the star and
> create the gamma-ray burst when they impact the interstellar
> medium. So from two directions you can see a gamma-ray burst,
> but from other directions the star looks mostly like a normal
> supernova.
>
> If this is true then gamma-ray burst events are even more common,
> but we can see only those whose beams point at us. However, it
> is then unlikely that gamma-ray bursts can sterilize galaxies.
>
> I have heard other claims that our large moon influenced the
> development of life on this planet, but your summary of Guillermo
> Gonzalez's claim that intelligent life is somehow connected to
> the presense of solar eclipses doesn't even attempt to speculate
> why these necessarily have to be connected.
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Subject: Re: starship-design: WHERE ARE THEY?
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 15:28:07 EDT
In a message dated 7/25/99 11:07:17 AM, lparker@cacaphony.net writes:
>WHERE ARE THEY?
I've always been interested in this too. Its been a major question about the
nature of life and the universe.
>GAMMA RAY BURSTS
>
>
>
>The first new theory is from James Annis, an astrophysicist at Fermilab
>near
>
>Chicago. He thinks cataclysmic gamma-ray bursts often sterilize galaxies,
>
>==
> That, says Annis, may be the answer to Fermi's
>
>question. "They just haven't had enough time to get here yet," he says.
>"The
>
>GRB model essentially resets the available time for the rise of intelligent
>
>life to zero each time a burst occurs."
>
>
>
>Paul Davies, a visiting physicist at Imperial College, London, says the
>
>basic idea for resolving the paradox makes sense. "Any Galaxy-wide
>
>sterilizing event would do," he says. However, he adds that GRBs may be
>too
>
>brief: "If the drama is all over in seconds, you only zap half a planet.
>The
>
>planet's mass shields the shadowed side." Annis counters that GRBs are
>
>likely to have many indirect effects, such as wrecking ozone layers that
>
>protect planets from deadly levels of ultraviolet radiation.
The importance or our ozone layer is grossly over stated now a adays.. If
our ozone layer were eliminated, it would be as if we all moved 100 miles
closer to the equator. Also radiation forms ozone.
On the other hand having half an ecosphere burned off would have to trash the
rest of the planet. Certainly enough to crash a civilization for a while,
but not enough to kill off intelligent lifeforms.
A variation of this is the idea even milder burst could crash an interstellar
civilization. Right now cosmic rays are a major limitation on life in space
due to the radiation. But since we know about it we can design our ships and
platforms to deal with it. But it seems cosmic rays are intermittent. If we
"came out" during a millennia of low space rad. We might have a major
interstellar civilization, and see it all destroyed when a few century cosmic
ray storm whipes out space travelers. The result could crash civilization
everywhere. Perhaps were just the first ones out who knew what to expect?
>Annis also highlights an intriguing implication of the theory: the current
>rate of GRBs allows intelligent life to evolve for a few hundred million
>years before being zapped, possibly giving it enough time to reach the
>space faring stage. "It may be that intelligent life has recently sprouted up
>at many places in the Galaxy and that at least a few groups are busily
engaged
>in spreading."
Possibly.
>
>
>LARGE MOONS
>
>
>
>The second theory deals with a surprising connection between the conditions
>required for a total eclipse and for the emergence of intelligent life.
>Guillermo Gonzalez of the University of Washington in Seattle points out
>that our distance from the Sun is a necessary condition for us to be here.
>"If we were a little nearer or farther from the Sun, the Earth would be
>too
>hot or too cold and so uninhabitable," says Gonzalez. At the same time
>our
>existence depends on an unusually large moon since its pull stops the Earth
>wobbling around too much on its axis and causing wild and catastrophic
>swings in climate like those on Mars. Our Moon, which is unusually large
>compared to those in almost all other planet-moon systems, probably formed
>from molten material blasted from the Earth during the impact of a giant
>body more than 4 billion years ago.
This seems iffy, but the weird nature of our moon could be significant. Thou
I find it hard to believe its the only way to evolve a intelligent race? One
could just as easily decide one needed to be on a moon of a jovian since
close in to most stars the radiation and orbital stability are to bad.
>===
>
>WHAT IT MEANS
>
>
>
>Taken together, these two factors enormously reduce the values of at least
>one and probably as many as three variables to practically zero offering
>at least one possible answer to Fermi's query, there aren't any...
>If you consider all of the factors you can write a simple relation, using
>Drake's Equation, for estimating the probability. I use the word "estimate"
>intentionally because our knowledge of most of the factors is so poor that
>we are really only guessing.
True, we haven't more then poor clues, and most of them don't add up to the
empty skies we see around us. Any of these ideas at most mean their should
be fewer folks out their coming here. But we have no sign that anyone EVER
came to earth! The statistics of that are low, which is frightening.
>Suppose you guessed that stars in our galaxy form at the rate of one per
>year (probably not a bad estimate), that 1/5 of the stars have planets
>(no one knows), that there are 0.0005859375 planets with stable environments
>(length of time between GRBs divided by the age of our solar system times
>the fraction of planets with suitable moons in our solar system ), that
>life appears on each (fraction = 1), that intelligence emerges on each of
these
>(fraction= 1), that 1/10 of these develop communication capability and
>that these remain in this state for 1000 years. Then, it works out that the
>number is 0.01171875. In other words, in one hundred thousand years, only
>one intelligent, communicative civilization would appear, far less than
>most current speculations.
But again the numbers are guesses. You assume few stars grow starsystems,
and very few have environments where life can grow. There ae multiple
autonomous ecosystems on earth, only ours needs to worry about solar energy
or weather. Those based on the volcanic chemistry of deep ocean vents, or
deep under ground are now thought to be far larger then our photosynthesis
based ecosphere. The deep ocean vent environment is thought to exist on at
least one moon in our solar system, and that's out in the jovian belt. This
strongly suggests our biases toward the "life belt" based on solar heating
and photosphere may just be our prejudice.
Why assume folks only retain communication abilities for a thousand years.
We've retained writing for about 5 times as long. Abilities to build boats
and simple buildings and weapons for a couple times that. Given the value of
high tech and spaced based industry and resources, I could see this stuff
being a high priority for retention.
A better question is why would one do SETI communications. If your curious
about the stars. Most won't have anyone to answer your call. Sending probes
or expeditions could be far more effective, and get info back a lot faster
then waiting for someone to answer your call. I'm beginning to think the
basic assumption of SETI, that folks would always prefer transmitting and
waiting, rather then scouting about and looking for themselves. Give the
ridiculous waits necessary to check out any stars, especially if you need to
wait for a civilization to evevolve to answer your call.
Bottom line, we don't know (even in vague ways) how likly biosphere's,
intelligence, muchless technical civilizations are. They could be virtually
the norm for any chemically active planet that hangs around a few billion
years. One per solar system could be virtually unknown.
Or they might almost never happen, and you hardly ever have more then a
handful of civilization active in a galaxy at one time.
Or perhaps the nanotech/singularity folks are right and past our level of
tech things explode dramatically. A couple centuries from now our
desendanscould be so advanced they'd be little more interested in contacting
us, as we'd have to go visit ants.
>
>
>L. Parker
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Subject: Re: starship-design: WHERE ARE THEY?
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> Or perhaps the nanotech/singularity folks are right and past our level of
> tech things explode dramatically. A couple centuries from now our
> desendanscould be so advanced they'd be little more interested in
contacting
> us, as we'd have to go visit ants.
But you're forgetting...we DO visit ants...at least the myrmecologists do.
But they don't talk to them...they just study them. Perhaps that is the
explanation (as I have said before) for why no one is here. They wouldn't
come for technology, or anything like that. The only thing they could
conceivably be interested in with us would be how we behave, and how we are
put together. To study that, you need not make contact. Plus, it makes
psychological studies much easier. If you want to know how people are put
together, you send down microscopic probes to investigate. Granted, this
might not be the goal of every civilization, but it could explain many.
Kyle R. Mcallister
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To: "'Starship-Design (E-mail)'" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: RE: starship-design: WHERE ARE THEY?
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 15:25:19 -0500
> There is some recent theoretical work suggesting that gamma-ray
> bursts are non-isotropic, meaning that they do not radiate
> equally in all directions. These models claim that gamma-ray
> bursts happen when a massive star in a particular mass range
> undergoes a core collapse; a black home forms in the core, an
> accretion disk forms around the black hole from matter that has
> not yet fallen into the core, and the accretion disk creates two
> extremely energetic relativistic particle beams perpendicular to
> the disk. These blast through the outer layers of the star and
> create the gamma-ray burst when they impact the interstellar
> medium. So from two directions you can see a gamma-ray burst,
> but from other directions the star looks mostly like a normal
> supernova.
>
> If this is true then gamma-ray burst events are even more common,
> but we can see only those whose beams point at us. However, it
> is then unlikely that gamma-ray bursts can sterilize galaxies.
No, it doesn't change the end result at all as far as the equation is
concerned. It just means that there are more of them to make up the
difference. Statistically, the end result is the same. We seem to have just
been extremely lucky in that none have been pointed our way in somewhat more
than the allotted amount of time.
>
> I have heard other claims that our large moon influenced the
> development of life on this planet, but your summary of Guillermo
> Gonzalez's claim that intelligent life is somehow connected to
> the presense of solar eclipses doesn't even attempt to speculate
> why these necessarily have to be connected.
>
True, it wasn't germane to my point. Actually Gonzalez doesn't really say
that there is a casual connection. Only that a large moon is required to
stabilize a planet's normally erratic orbital tendencies and that left
unstabilized, wild rotational shifts would cause sufficient climatic
instability to discourage the rise of complex life forms. An examination of
our own climatic past lends credence to this theory. The relatively few
problems the Earth has undergone have resulted in wholesale extinctions -
particularly among higher life forms.
I would think that the odds might actually be somewhat better. The theory
does not allow for twin planets rotating around a common center. I am not
certain that this arrangement would not be tidally locked however.
Lee Parker
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To: "L. Parker" <lparker@cacaphony.net>
Cc: "'Starship-Design (E-mail)'" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: RE: starship-design: WHERE ARE THEY?
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 14:45:00 -0700 (PDT)
L. Parker writes:
> > If this is true then gamma-ray burst events are even more common,
> > but we can see only those whose beams point at us. However, it
> > is then unlikely that gamma-ray bursts can sterilize galaxies.
>
> No, it doesn't change the end result at all as far as the equation is
> concerned. It just means that there are more of them to make up the
> difference. Statistically, the end result is the same. We seem to have just
> been extremely lucky in that none have been pointed our way in somewhat more
> than the allotted amount of time.
Actually, plenty are pointed our way -- otherwise we wouldn't
keep detecting them so frequently.
Statistically, though, the result is not the same. On a
universe-wide scale, there are plenty of gamma-ray bursts for
everyone to see. If GRBs are isotropic, then, yes, potentially
each burst we see has sterilized a large portion of its host
galaxy. But if GRBs aren't isotropic, then individual GRBs
aren't sterilizing huge parts of the galaxies they occur in, and
at a galaxy-wide scale there aren't enough close GRBs to clear
galaxies of life.
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Reply-To: "L. Parker" <lparker@cacaphony.net>
From: "L. Parker" <lparker@cacaphony.net>
Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: "'Steve VanDevender'" <stevev@efn.org>
Cc: "'Starship-Design (E-mail)'" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: RE: starship-design: WHERE ARE THEY?
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 19:03:21 -0500
> > No, it doesn't change the end result at all as far as the
> equation is
> > concerned. It just means that there are more of them to make up the
> > difference. Statistically, the end result is the same. We
> seem to have just
> > been extremely lucky in that none have been pointed our
> way in somewhat more
> > than the allotted amount of time.
>
> Actually, plenty are pointed our way -- otherwise we wouldn't
> keep detecting them so frequently.
>
> Statistically, though, the result is not the same. On a
> universe-wide scale, there are plenty of gamma-ray bursts for
> everyone to see. If GRBs are isotropic, then, yes, potentially
> each burst we see has sterilized a large portion of its host
> galaxy. But if GRBs aren't isotropic, then individual GRBs
> aren't sterilizing huge parts of the galaxies they occur in, and
> at a galaxy-wide scale there aren't enough close GRBs to clear
> galaxies of life.
As I understood your original response, you were saying that GRBs might be
anisotropic - which means to me we only see GRBs aimed directly at us. The
sterilization theory was based upon the OBSERVED incidence of GRBs and is
not materially affected by this change. Regardless of whether a particular
GRB is aimed at us or away from us (anisotropic) the summation of all GRBs
must be isotropic. Which means there are a great many GRBs that we never
see, in fact the majority of them are never seen. Either way, the statistics
are the same and the conclusion reached is the same. The only thing that has
changed is the number of GRBs that occur in order to perform the same act -
sterilization of large segments of the galaxy.
Lee Parker
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Reply-To: Steve VanDevender <stevev@efn.org>
From: Steve VanDevender <stevev@efn.org>
Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: "'Starship-Design (E-mail)'" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: RE: starship-design: WHERE ARE THEY?
Date: Sun, 25 Jul 1999 22:32:56 -0700 (PDT)
L. Parker writes:
> As I understood your original response, you were saying that GRBs might be
> anisotropic - which means to me we only see GRBs aimed directly at us. The
> sterilization theory was based upon the OBSERVED incidence of GRBs and is
> not materially affected by this change. Regardless of whether a particular
> GRB is aimed at us or away from us (anisotropic) the summation of all GRBs
> must be isotropic. Which means there are a great many GRBs that we never
> see, in fact the majority of them are never seen. Either way, the statistics
> are the same and the conclusion reached is the same. The only thing that has
> changed is the number of GRBs that occur in order to perform the same act -
> sterilization of large segments of the galaxy.
The statistics aren't necessarily the same, Lee.
Note that for as many GRBs as are visible us, our planet isn't
sterilized yet; that's because none of them are occurring within
our galactic neighborhood. If GRBs are anisotropic then
relatively few star systems will be in the path of the GRB beams
and close enough to be affected; other nearby star systems will
see the supernova but not be inundated with gamma radiation. A
lot more star systems will be far enough away to be in line with
the beams and see them without being sterilized by the radiation.
Unfortunately I don't know the exact "beam spread" predicted in
the theoretical models such that it would be possible to estimate
the number of GRBs that are occurring that we can't see directly
(although many supernovae we see may be producing them) or the
likelihood of being zapped by a GRB. I'm quite sure, however,
than in the anisotropic case the probability of being zapped by a
GRB is much lower than in the isotropic case.
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From: KellySt@aol.com
Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: moschleg@erols.com, Sdudley6@aol.com, MARK.A.JENSEN@cpmx.saic.com,
DTaylor648@aol.com, JohnFrance@aol.com,
starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu, bbbark@surfree.com, RICKJ@btio.com,
starchld@io.com
Subject: starship-design: Another billionair looking to invest in space tourism
Date: Mon, 26 Jul 1999 23:41:28 EDT
http://search.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPlate/1999-07/25/111l-072599-id
x.HTML
Washington post ran an article on A real-estate and hotel guy offering
to put up half a billion for him lunar orbiting hotel concept.
"It's up to private enterprise to get the general public into space in
our lifetimes," [Robert] Bigelow said in a weighty tone, as though he
alone were carrying this burden. "It is imperative that we create
user-friendly, market-driven projects like this one or it will never
happen."
Of course he hired Greg Bennett (ex NASA flight planer, current 'Artemis
group' founder) to head his aerospace R&D group, so he might not be too
bright.
Kelly
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Subject: starship-design: Proposed maned missin to asteriod?
Date: Tue, 27 Jul 1999 00:45:36 EDT
http://dailynews.yahoo.com/headlines/sc/story.html?s=v/nm/19990726/sc/sp
ace_asteroid_5.html
Monday July 26 2:34 PM ET
Human Trip To Water-Rich Asteroid Possible By 2015
ITHACA, N.Y. (Reuters) - Human beings could go prospecting on a tiny,
water-rich asteroid and return samples to
Earth by 2015, much sooner than any possible human mission to Mars,
astronomers said Monday.
The water-rich asteroid -- a lumpy ball about 100 feet in diameter
called 1998 KY26 -- could serve as a sort of
cosmic filling station for space travelers, ``a space station waiting
for occupants,'' according to Steven Ostro of
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
http://dailynews.yahoo.com/headlines/sc/story.html?s=v/nm/19990726/sc/sp
ace_asteroid_4.html
Monday July 26 12:25 AM ET
Asteroid Offers Oasis For Space Explorers- Report
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A rapidly spinning asteroid that passed close to
Earth last
year offers an ``oasis for future space explorers''
because it is loaded with water,
astronomers said Friday.
An international team of astronomers in the Czech Republic, Hawaii,
Arizona and California pointed radar and
optical telescopes at Asteroid 1998 KY26 when it passed about 500,000
miles (800,000 km) from the Earth in June
1998.
Reporting in the journal Science, they said they found that the 100-foot
(30-meter) object spins -- rotating every 11
minutes -- but more importantly, they found it is loaded with ice.
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To: "Starship-Design (E-mail)" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: starship-design: FW: SSRT: Space Access Update no. 88 (fwd)
Date: Thu, 29 Jul 1999 17:05:48 -0500
-----Original Message-----
From: listserv@ds.cc.utexas.edu [mailto:listserv@ds.cc.utexas.edu]On
Behalf Of Chris W. Johnson
Sent: Wednesday, July 28, 1999 8:59 PM
To: Single Stage Rocket Technology News
Subject: SSRT: Space Access Update no. 88 (fwd)
Date: Wed, 28 Jul 1999 01:18:22 -0400 (EDT)
From: Donald L Doughty <spacelst@world.std.com>
To: DC-X <delta-clipper@world.std.com>
Subject: Space Access Update #88 7/24/99 (fwd)
Reply-To: delta-clipper@world.std.com
The House NASA appropriators (the HUD, VA, and Independent Agencies
subcommittee, "mark up" their NASA funding bill Monday.
NASA Space funding was cut ~ 1.4B$ (10%),
"essentially gutting NASA's space science programs."
See these web sites for details:
http://www.spaceviews.com/1999/07/27a.html
http://www.flatoday.com/space/today/
http://www.reston.com/nasa/watch.html
http://www.space.com/
The full committee, "mark up" of the NASA funding bill Friday.
This is the time to call & Fax your Congressman!
Check the House Web page for contact info.
http://www.house.gov/appropriations/members.htm
Henry will be sending out the next Update soon.
...Don Doughty, List Manager
PS. This List had three sources when it started. Now, only SAS
provides info to this list. See the MSG at the End of Update #88.
--
Space Access Update #88 7/24/99
Copyright 1999 by Space Access Society
__________________________________________________________________
Stories This Issue:
- Latest on Congressional NASA, DOD RLV Funding
- Rotary Rocket Flies ATV, Does Second Round of Layoffs
- Miscellany - USA Sponsored Shuttle Forever Symposium, New US
Defense Space Policy, SAS Needs Money!
________________________________________________________________________
Latest on Congressional NASA, DOD RLV Funding
Our current alert (see www.space-access.org/updates/alt0799b.html)
asks you to contact any members of the House or Senate
Appropriations committees local to you, and ask them to A: add $50
million to NASA Future-X for reusable rocket low-cost flight ops
demonstrations, and B: as a matter of priorities, do NOT fund
startup of the premature and oversold "Spaceliner 100" airbreathing
launcher project.
The Senate NASA appropriators (the HUD, VA, and Independent Agencies
subcommittee, then the full Appropriations committee) were scheduled
to "mark up" their NASA funding bill last week, but they once again
postponed. Keep after them, but save the phone charges and use
paper mail - all they'll say about when they will actually do markup
is "before the August recess", which starts August 6th. That
narrows things down to either this coming week, or the week after,
and we'd guess at the current pace the week after (starting Monday
August 2nd) is more likely. So if you haven't yet gotten around to
contacting them, or if you did but via voice phone, get their DC
office address from www.vote-smart.org, buy a stamp, and send them a
letter first thing this week - it'll likely get there in time.
The House HUD/VA appropriations bill, as of last Thursday, was still
scheduled for subcommittee markup this Monday July 26th, late in the
day. So if your Congressman is on Appropriations and you haven't
yet contacted him or her, phone or fax Monday! See the alert at
www.space-access.org for details on how.
Over in the Defense Department budget, we're pushing for funding for
the X-40B "Space Maneuver Vehicle" (SMV), a spacegoing version of
the USAF Phillips Lab X-40A landing-only reusable upper stage
demonstrator flown successfully last winter. X-40B will demonstrate
a variety of reusable space-launch, on-orbit, and reentry operations
we and the USAF think very useful, operations complementary to what
NASA plans to do with the related X-37.
We and various like-minded folk have been working this one for a
while - the Senate Defense Appropriation was passed weeks ago with
$25 million for this project. Last week the House marked up and
passed its version of the DOD funding bill with surprising speed -
with nothing for SMV in it, oops.
We've been given to understand that there is support for USAF SMV
among the House Appropriators, and that it is possible they'll
accede to the Senate position of $25 million funding when it comes
time for the two to hammer out their differences in conference. We
don't know when the Defense Appropriations conference will happen,
though we suspect (for arcane tactical reasons) it may take place
untraditionally early, within the next two weeks. As soon as we
know the timing for sure, we're going to be asking your help pushing
hard for full funding for X-40B.
________________________________________________________________________
Rotary Rocket Flies ATV, Does Second Round of Layoffs
Rotary Rocket Company at about 8:30 am PDT on Friday July 23rd flew
their Roton ATV for the first time, doing multiple rotor-borne
liftoffs, low-altitude hovers, and landings over the course of
several minutes. The ATV is Rotary's "Aerial Test Vehicle",
intended to demonstrate structures, systems, and the rotor-borne
landing mode for the company's planned Roton reusable launch
vehicle. This initial flight took place several months behind the
original (very aggressive) schedule - late, but not in our view
unusually so, given the leanness of the budget (Rotary built and
flew the ATV on $30 million total funding that we know of) and the
universality of Murphy's Law - development projects *always* take a
little longer than the engineers expect.
Unfortunately, Rotary seems to have run low on shoestring - their
ATV flight coincided with the effective date of their second round
of layoffs. We have not been able to get a definitive answer on the
scope of the latest round of layoffs (we observe that even for
companies in trouble, not being straight with the press is
counterproductive) but it seems likely based on what we have been
able to dig out that absent an immediate infusion of cash, Rotary is
at best in mothballs and at worst is history.
________________________________________________________________________
Miscellany
- United Space Alliance (USA), the Boeing/Lockheed-Martin Shuttle
operating consortium, is sponsoring the Space Shuttle Development
Conference at NASA Ames, Moffet Field CA (actual site seems to be
the Westin Santa Clara) with an all-star cast, Wednesday July 28th
through Friday July 30th, 1999. The general theme of the conference
seems to be the prospects for continuing Shuttle operations for
decades to come. Information at www.futureshuttle.com; media
registration contact is Jack King at 407 861-4358.
- The US Department of Defense has adopted its first major new
space policy in a while - one key point being that we will treat
space a lot more like we treat the sea and international airspace,
as a medium where we support freedom of navigation and we will
defend US assets, another point being that we will be pushing toward
more flexible lower-cost space operations, both unmanned and
potentially (if the cost comes down enough) manned.
- And finally for this Update, Rotary Rocket isn't the only outfit
on a too-short shoestring. Information warfare in support of
radically cheaper space transportation costs a whole lot less than
actually developing hardware, but it still costs. If you like what
we're doing and you want to see more, money is the sincerest form of
flattery. An SAS membership is $30, and gets you a discount on our
annual conference (Space Access '00, April 27-29, 2000, in Phoenix
Arizona) plus direct email subscription to our Updates and Alerts.
Yes, we give away our Updates and Alerts promiscuously - Job #1 is
to get across our point of view. No, we don't incessantly nag SAS
members to renew or donors to give more - we're old-fashioned enough
to think that's rude. No, donations to SAS are not tax-deductible -
we do far too much lobbying to qualify for 501c3 tax-deductible
status without lying like rugs, and regardless of how common this
may be we won't do it. And no, we won't take donations from
government contractors that might be affected by our positions; that
way lies self-censoring impotence as the next big corporate check
gets ever more important. We've seen that, we won't do it.
Given the above self-imposed restrictions, it's a tribute to our
supporters that we're still here and fighting after seven years.
We've seen checks for five bucks, we've seen a blessed few for a
thousand. Money translates very directly to time and energy - we
thank you every one for all you've given over the years.
It's settling into a long grinding struggle, alas. Please, help us
stick with it. Send your checks to SAS, 4855 E Warner Rd #24-150,
Phoenix AZ 85044.
________________________________________________________________________
Space Access Society's sole purpose is to promote radical reductions
in the cost of reaching space. You may redistribute this Update in
any medium you choose, as long as you do it unedited in its entirety.
________________________________________________________________________
Space Access Society
http://www.space-access.org
space.access@space-access.org
"Reach low orbit and you're halfway to anywhere in the Solar System"
- Robert A. Heinlein
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From: "L. Parker" <lparker@cacaphony.net>
Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: "Starship-Design (E-mail)" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: starship-design: FW: SSRT: Space Science Political Alert no. 2 (fwd)
Date: Sat, 31 Jul 1999 12:43:30 -0500
-----Original Message-----
From: listserv@ds.cc.utexas.edu [mailto:listserv@ds.cc.utexas.edu]On
Behalf Of Chris W. Johnson
Sent: Thursday, July 29, 1999 7:17 PM
To: Single Stage Rocket Technology News
Subject: SSRT: Space Science Political Alert no. 2 (fwd)
Date: Thu, 29 Jul 1999 19:57:43 -0400 (EDT)
From: Donald L Doughty <spacelst@world.std.com>
To: DC-X <delta-clipper@world.std.com>
Subject: Space Science Political Alert #2
Sender: delta-clipper-approval@world.std.com
Reply-To: delta-clipper@world.std.com
Act before Friday 9:30AM ED
Details of House NASA Science Budget cuts. ...DLD
--
Space Science Political Alert #2. Thursday 29 July 1999.
>From: Tim Kyger
One more long message.sorry!
Cross-posting of the data contained in this message is strongly encouraged.
Post it where ever you wish, and in as many places as you can. Please!
You may get multiple copies of this. Once again...sorry! I'm working as
fast as I can...
The Prospect Before Us.
The shoe has finally dropped. On Monday 26 July, at the House of
Representatives' Committee on Appropriations' Subcommittee on VA, HUD, and
Independent Agencies met and marked their FY '00 VA/HUD bill.
NASA's budget was, as predicted, eviscerated; its science programs were cut
by roughly a billion dollars, with an overall cut of $1.325 billion dollars.
A detailed rundown of these budget cuts, along with specifics as to what
programs would die as a result, follows later in this Alert. There's also a
Pork Report; the VA/HUD Appropriators made lots of cuts, but you may be sure
that they took good care of themselves and their districts..!
But first.the full House Appropriations Committee will meet at 9:30 am on
Friday, 30 July, to adopt and markup a FY '00 VA/HUD appropriations bill.
This means that all of us have today - Thursday - to call, write, and/or fax
appropriate Members of House Appropriations.
Start with the Chairman of the full Committee --
C.W. Bill Young (R-FL10)
202/225-5961 vox
202/225-9764 fax
813/893-3191 district office
2407 Rayburn House Office Building
Washington DC 20515
Remember that letters have much more clout than a phone call, and email has
the least clout of all. It is strongly suggested that a letter be written
and then faxed to Mr. Young's office. A draft letter that may be used to
model your letters is also attached, and further supporting material may
also be found later in this Alert.
Follow up your letter to Mr. Young with a letter to Mr. Obey, the Ranking
Democrat on the full Committee --
David R. Obey (D-WI7)
202/225-3365 vox
202/225-3240 fax
715/842-5606 district office
2314 Rayburn House Office Building
After you finish with Mssrs. Young and Obey, fax a letter (if you haven't
already) to Mssrs. Walsh and Mollohan
James Walsh (R-NY25) VA/HUD Subcommittee Chair
202/225-3701 vox
202/225-4-42 fax
315/423-5657 district office
2351 RHOB
rep.james.walsh@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/walsh/ web site
Alan B. Mollohan (D-WV1) VA/HUD Subcommittee RMM
202/225-4172 vox
202/225-7564 fax
304/232-5390 district office
2346 RHOB
Make your anger at these disastrous cuts known to your representatives!
Remember that these cuts won't be sustained until and unless the President
signs a VA/HUD appropriations bill into law that actually has such a cut -
and that is a long fight away from happening yet. We can still win this.
Once you're done with the four gentlemen just noted, if you can, fax a
letter to each and every Member of the House Appropriations Committee who
isn't on the VA/HUD Subcommittee. They may be the swing votes needed to
reverse these cuts in full Committee. A list of names and fax numbers may
be found at the end of this Alert.
Timing.
As noted, the full House Appropriations Committee meets tomorrow; and
sometime next week the full House will vote on the VA/HUD appropriation.
This means that we have a chance to amend this bill on the House floor to
turn back these cuts. Stay tuned; this will be the core of Alert Number
Three...
In the meantime, the Senate VA/HUD Appropriations Subcommittee might mark at
any time from this moment on. It may mark this next week, for example. But
it also may wait to mark until after the August Congressional "work period."
This is the most probable way that events will run, giving us four or so
weeks to work our will upon the Members of the Senate.
So keep your fax machines fired up. Keep ready to write and fax a mess of
letters to Senators.
Let's Not Forget The Vice President.
To recap, Vice President Al Gore is running for President.
Here's what Gore had to say on 20 July 1999 at the National Air and Space
Museum upon awarding the Apollo 11 crew the Langley Medal: "I am deeply
committed to an aggressive, forward-looking space program, a space program
that dares to push the limits of the heavens."
Let's hold him to his statement. He can start by working to turn these cuts
around.
Vice President Gore can best be reached at the following address:
Vice President Albert Gore, Jr.
Room S-212
United States Capitol
Washington DC 20510
Fax your letters to: 202/224-0291.
Al Gore's email address is: vice.president@whitehouse.gov
His web site is: www.whitehouse.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/html/GORE_home.html
The fax number at the Old Executive Office Building for Gore is:
202/456-2685.
Fax him a letter right after you fax letters to the House Appropriations
critters.
Into The Ovens.
The $2.5 billion Space Station budget got cut by $150 million - a pro forma
cut so Appropriators could say that they hadn't not cut Space Station.
Ditto Space Shuttle, which suffered a $100 million cut to a $2.5474 billion
budget request.
The VA/HUD folks also noted that they'd be just overjoyed, as this process
goes forward this year, to entertain funding requests for additional Shuttle
system upgrades. Reusable Flyback Booster program, funded by space science
cuts, anyone?
The "Science, Aeronautics and Technology" or "SAT" combined budget line for
FY '00 of a requested $5.4247 billion was cut by $849 million; but this cut
was entirely made against NASA's science programs, instead of against the
entire five and a half billion SAT budget. NASA's FY '00 space science line
item request was for $2.1966, and that line suffered a cut of $640.8
million. Killed outright was the SIRTIF mission (a cut of $100.8 million)
as well as the CONTOUR Discovery Program mission (a cut of $50 million).
Here's where you have to dig and where the Appropriators don't want anybody
to know exactly what they've killed.
A cut of $60 million was made to "Explorer Future Planning," which had bee
requested to be $107.7 million (and which was $78.6 million in '99). This
seemingly innocuous cut results in the cancellation of the HESSI and GALEX
"SMEX" missions, as well s the CHIPS and IMEX "UNIX" Explorer missions. And
don't forget to erase the TWINS and PLEXAS missions; they're gone now, too.
In other words, the Explorer program is over, after a forty two year run.
A cut of $60 million was made to "Discovery Program Future Planning." This
had been requested to be funded at $78.5 million (it was $19.7 million in '
99). This results in the stillborn death of the Deep Impact mission as well
as the MESSENGER Mercury orbiter.
A cut of $75 million (to $114.8 million) was made to "Mars Surveyor Program
Future Planning." Stillborn again, then, is *every* mission after Mars '01.
And if I were the Mars '01 folks, I wouldn't get comfortable just yet
either.
The "Supporting Research and Technology Program" was requested to be funded
at $1.1521 billion; $320 million is cut -- $200 million from the "Technology
Program," and $120 million from "Research." The Research cut is a simple
one to explain - there just simply won't be any money to make sense out of
any data by ongoing space missions. The $200 million Technology Program cut
is less obvious, but it results in deep, grave damage nonetheless. What
dies as a result of this cut is the Space Interferometry Mission; the Next
Generation Space Telescope; The Planet Finder mission; any future missions
to Europa; the proposed Pluto flyby; STEREO, Solar-B, CONSTELLATION-X,
GLAST, FIRST, Solar Probe, and last, but not least, Space Technology-3.
(ST-4, as you'll recall, was recently cancelled by NASA. Reminds you of the
good old days, though, doesn't it?)
But wait! There's more! We move on to the cuts in NASA's earth science
enterprise.
NASA's FY '00 earth science program budget request was $1.4591 billion, and
it was cut by a total of $285 million. Al Gore's GLOBE program, $5 million,
as well as Triana, $35 million, are gone. LightSAR, $20 million, is
canceled, too. An additional $45 million was then cut from the Earth Probes
program, taking it from a requested level of $138.2 million to $38.2 million
(Triana and LightSAR were Earth Probes).
But at least the Earth Probes budget has some bucks left; the VA/HUD
appropriators eliminated outright the Earth System Science Pathfinders
program (a cut of $75.2 million), which kills the GRACE and PICASSO
missions, as well as the Vegetation Canopy Lidar mission and the CloudSat
mission. Gone, too, is Volcam.
The Earth Observing System line is reduced by $150 million from its
requested level of $663.2 million, with $60 million being taken from the
"Technology Infusion" program, which for FY '00 was requested to be $77.6.
This kills Earth Observer-2, the "SPARCLE" mission outright. $40 million is
cut from algorithm development ($127.4 million in FY '00), and, finally, the
$53.9 "EOS Follow-On" effort is cut by $50 million. As the parting shot,
the EOSDIS budget request of $231.5 million is cut $50 million.
The House VA/HUD appropriators also made cuts to the "Mission Support" line
item, which had been requested to be $2.4949 billion, cutting it by $225.6
million. The first cut is in "Construction of Facilities," where $67.1
million is cut from a $181 million budget request. Next, $100 million is
cut from the $1.6469 billion "personal and related costs" account - layoffs
and firings! Finally, "operations support" funding is reduced by $50
million from a budget request of $482.6 million.
But after cuts come...adds!
Pork Report.
Here's a list of all of the "adds" made by the VA/HUD appropriators in order
to make their bill fit under the balanced budget caps. Makes you proud to
know that these folks are able to make those hard decisions to cut in order
to balance the budget, eh?
These adds.er.add up to a total of $119.8 million (!)..more than twice the
cost of the canceled CONTOUR mission (to pick just one example)!
1. An increase of $10,000,000 for Space Solar Power. (Well, I like that one
actually.)
2. An increase of $2,000,000 for the Science Center at Glendale Community
College. (In Jerry Lewis' [R-CA40] district.)
3. An increase of $1,500,000 for the Louisville Science Center. (Anne
Northup's [R-KY3] district.)
4. An increase of $1,500,000 for the Science Center Initiative at Ohio
Wesleyan University. (Budget Committee Chair and deficit hawk John Kasich's
[R-OH12] district.
5. An increase of $5,000,000 for the Polymer Energy Rechargeable System.
(Huh?)
6. An increase of $2,000,000 for the center on life in extreme thermal
environments at Montana State University in Bozeman. (Senator Conrad Burns
is on the Senate Appropriations Committee.and even from across the Capitol,
his arms reach out.)
7. An increase of $3,000,000 for the Adler Planetarium in Chicago, Illinois.
(John Edward Porter's [R-IL10] district - but also close to House Speaker
Denny Hastert's [R-IL14] home base too.)
8. NASA is directed to provide a total of $20,000,000 for fundamental
physics research. (Isn't this the job of Fermilab? Hey. Wait a second.
Isn't Fermilab in Speaker Hastert's district..? Hmmmm.)
9. An increase of $1,000,000 for the "Garden Machine" program at Texas
Tech University. (Larry Combest's [R-TX19] district.)
10. An increase of $4,000,000 for the Space Radiation program at Loma Linda
University Hospital. (Jerry Lewis' [R-CA40] district again. Love that
bacon!)
11. An increase of $2,000,000 for the Neutron Therapy facility at Fermilab.
(Shouldn't this be in the DoE budget? Or perhaps the NIH budget? Speaker
Denney Hastert's district again. Sooo-eeee!)
12. An increase of $2,000,000 for a Remote Sensing Center for Geoinformatics
at the University of Mississippi. (Roger Wicker's [R-MS1] district.)
13. An increase of $1,000,000 for the Advanced Tropical Remote Sensing
Center of the National Center for Tropical Remote Sensing Applications and
Resources at the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science.
(Ileana Ros-Lehtinen's [R-FL18] district.)
14. An increase of $10,000,000 for the Regional Application Center in Cayuga
County, New York. (John McHugh's [R-NY24] district.)
15. An increase of $2,500,000 for a joint U.S./Italian space-based research
initiative for the study and detection of forest fires.
16. An increase of $3,000,000 for continuation of programs at the American
Museum of Natural History. (Finally! Democratic Pork! Jerrold Nadler's
[D-NY8] New York City district. Getting things ready for Hillary.)
17. An increase of $1,500,000 for a remote sensing center at the
Fulton-Montgomery Community College in New York. The center is to work
through the Regional Application Center at Cayuga County, New York. (John
McHugh's [R-NY24] district.)
18. An increase of $25,000,000 for Ultra Efficient Engine Technology.
(Keeps the folks in the Ohio congressional delegation happy.this work goes
to the NASA Lewis.er.Glenn.research center.)
19. An increase of $1,800,000 for phase two of the synthetic vision
information system being tested at the Dallas-Ft. Worth Airport. (Something
for Eddie Bernice Johnson's [D-TX30] district.)
20. An increase of $1,200,000 for continued support of the Dynamic Runway
Occupancy Measurement System demonstration at the Seattle-Tacoma Airport.
(Adam Smith [D-WA9]. Good to see that the Democrats are getting theirs
along with all that Republican pork.)
21. An increase of $2,000,000 to facilitate the acquisition of a 16 beam
SOCRATES system and integration of SOCRATES into the AVOSS program.
22. An increase of $5,000,000 for the Trailblazer program at the Glenn
Research Center. (Keeps the Porklifter 100 program alive.)
23. An increase of $500,000 for the Institute for Software Research to
continue its collaborative effort with NASA-Dryden, focusing on adaptive
flight control research and fault tolerant systems.
24. An increase of $1,500,000 for the Software Optimization and Reuse
Technology Program.
25. An increase of $2,000,000 for the establishment of the NASA-Illinois
Technology Commercialization Center as an extension of the Midwest Regional
Technology Transfer Center, to be located at the DuPage County Research
Park. (Thomas Ewing [R-IL15].)
26. An increase of $1,000,000 for the Florida Technological Research and
Development Authority to develop a technology-oriented business incubator in
Homestead, Florida. (Carrie Meek [D-FL17].)
27. An increase of $2,000,000 for the Earth Alert program for a test of the
system throughout the State of Maryland. (A sop to Senator Barbara
Mikulski.think she won't still be upset after those cuts to Goddard?)
28. An increase of $1,500,000 for the National Technology Transfer Center,
to bring total funding for the center up to $7,200,00. (This program is
located in Wheeling, West Virginia.Senator Byrd brings home the bacon, even
when it's the House marking up..!)
29. An increase of $6,500,000 for the National Space Grant College and
Fellowship program, bringing the total funding for this program to $19,1
million. The FY '99 appropriated level for this program was also $19.1
million.
30. An increase of $1,500,000 for the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia for
development of an exhibit on astronomy.
31. An increase of $1,000,000 for the Sci-Quest, the North Alabama Science
Center.
32. An increase of $2,300,000 for the JASON Foundation's JASON XI
expedition, "Going to Extremes."
33. An increase of $1,000,000 for the Carl Sagan Discovery Center at the
Children's Hospital at Montefiore Medical Center. Jerrold Nadler's district
again.and again, I'm sure that Hillary will be a happy camper over this.
(Shouldn't this be in the NIH budget?) Sagan must be spinning in his grave.
34. An increase of $4,000,000 for the Texas Learning and Computational
Center at the University of Houston. Tom DeLay's [R-TX22] district; a well
known enemy of.pork!
35. An increase of $5,000,000 for the Space Science Museum and Educational
Program at Downey, California. Stephen Horn's [R-CA38] district.
36. An increase of $2,000,000 for the Ohio View Project. Keep the Ohio
delegation happy!
37. An increase of $2,000,000 for continued academic and infrastructure
needs related to the computer sciences, mathematics and physics building at
the University of Redlands. Jerry Lewis's [R-CA40] again. Last year he was
the Chairman of the VA/HUD subcommittee.
38. An increase of $1,000,000 for the NASA Minority University Research
Program to provide support for the establishment of a center of excellence
in Mathematics and Science at Texas College. (Pete Sessions' [R-TX5]
district.)
The Big Picture On The VA/HUD Bill.
The VA/HUD appropriations bill funds 21 agencies. The bill as written by
the House VA/HUD Appropriations Subcommittee totals $93.79 billion, of which
$23.334 billion was mandatory spending and $70.456 was "discretionary." The
Administration's FY '00 budget request for this discretionary spending
totaled $72.06 billion, and included $2.48 billion in "emergency spending"
(bucks not subject to the budget caps) for FEMA. The House bill includes
these emergency FEMA dollars, and it also includes $3 million in emergency
spending for veteran's health care.
The House VA/HUD appropriators added $1 billion to veteran's medical health
care of "normal" money, too, for a total of $18.3 billion. The President
had asked for $17.3 billion, which was exactly the same amount that had been
appropriated in FY '99.
HUD got $2 billion more than in FY '99, but $2 billion less than the
President's FY '00 budget request: $26.1 billion.
EPA received $7.3 billion from the House VA/HUD critters, $106 million more
than the President asked for.
NSF got a mark of $3.646 billion for FY '00, $25 million less than it
received in FY '99.
FEMA got $3.36 billion for its FY '00 mark.
The remaining 14 agencies in the bill total up close to $2.3 billion
combined.
Model Letter to Use.
Dear [Fill in name of Representative or Senator]:
As a citizen vitally interested in my country's exploration of the solar
system, and in its pursuit of space science, I am extremely distressed over
Congress' intention to cut NASA's FY '00 science budget by $1.3 billion
dollars - the largest single cut in NASA's history!
NASA has sustained budget cuts for eight years in a row. This proposed $1.3
billion cut would end science at NASA after the year 2000. Is this the way
to welcome the 21st Century?
I urge you to totally reject this unprecedented cut and to fund NASA's
requested FY '00 budget in full.
Sincerely,
NAME
ADDRESS
House Appropriations Committee Members Who Are NOT on VA/HUD.
(Addresses are "xxx CHOB" or "xxx RHOB" or "xxx LHOB" followed by
"Washington DC 20515.")
("RMM" is "Ranking Minority Member.")
Ralph Regula (R-OH16)
202/225-3876 vox
202/225-3059 fax
330/489-4414 district office
2309 RHOB
www.house.gov/regula/ web site
Jerry Lewis (R-CA40)
202/225-5861 vox
202/225-6498 fax
2112 RHOB
www.house.gov/jerrylewis/ web site
John Edward Porter (R-IL10)
202/225-4835 vox
202/225-0157 fax
847/662-0101 district office
2373 RHOB
www.house.gov/porter/ web site
Harold Rogers (R-KY5)
202/225-4601 vox
202/225-0940 fax
606/679-8346 district office
2470 RHOB
www.house.gov/rogers/ web site
Joe Skeen (R-NM2)
202/225-2365 vox
202/225-9599 fax
505/527-1771 district office
2302 RHOB
www.house.gov/skeen/ web site
Frank R. Wolf (R-VA10)
202/225-5136 vox
202/225-0437 fax
703/709-5800 district office
241 CHOB
www.house.gov/wolf/ web site
Jim Kolbe (R-AZ5)
202/225-2542 vox
202/225-0378 fax
520/881-3588 district office
2266 RHOB
jim.kolbe@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/kolbe/ web site
Ron Packard (R-CA48)
202/225-3906 vox
202/225-0134 fax
949/496-2343 district office
2372 RHOB
rep.packard@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/packard/ web site
Sonny Callahan (R-AL1)
202/225-4931 vox
202/225-0562 fax
334/690-2811 district office
2466 RHOB
sonny.callahan@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/callahan/ web site
Charles H. Taylor (R-NC11)
202/225-6401 vox
202/226-6405 fax
704/251-1988 district office
231 CHOB
RepCharles.Taylor@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/charlestaylor web site
Ernest J. Istook, Jr. (R-OK5)
202/225-2132 vox
202/226-1463 fax
405/942-3636 district office
2402 RHOB
istook@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/istook/ web site
Henry Bonilla (R-TX23)
202/225-4511 vox
202/225-2237 fax
210/697-9055 district office
1427 LHOB
www.house.gov/bonilla web site
Dan Miller (R-FL13)
202/225-5015 vox
202/226-0828 fax
941/951-6643 district office
102 CHOB
miller13@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/danmiller/ web site
Jay Dickey (R-AR4)
202/225-3772 vox
202/225-1314 fax
501/623-5800 district office
2453 RHOB
talk2jay@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/dickey/ web site
Jack Kingston (R-GA1)
202/225-5831 vox
202/226-2269 fax
912/352-0101 district office
1034 LHOB
www.house.gov/kingston/ web site
Michael P. Forbes (D-NY1)
202/225-3826 vox
202/225-3143 fax
516/345-9000 district office
125 CHOB
mike.forbes@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/forbes/ web site
George R. Nethercutt, Jr. (R-WA5)
202/225-2006 vox
202/225-3392 fax
509/353-2374 district office
1527 LHOB
george.nethercutt-pub@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/nethercutt/ web site
Randy "Duke" Cunningham (R-CA51)
202/225-5452 vox
202/225-2558 fax
760/737-8438 district office
2238 RHOB
www.house.gov/cunningham/ web site
Todd Tiahrt (R-KS4)
202/225-6216 vox
202/225-3489 fax
316/262-8992 district office
428 CHOB
tiahrt@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gove/tiahrt/ web site
Zach Wamp (R-TN3)
202/225-3271 vox
202/225-3494 fax
423/894-7400 district office
423 CHOB
www.house.gov/wamp/ web site
Tom Latham (R-IA5)
202/225-5476 vox
202/225-3301 fax
712/277-2114 district office
324 CHOB
latham.ia05@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/latham/ web site
Robert Aderholt (R-AL4)
202/225-4876 vox
202/225-5587 fax
205/221-2310 district office
1007 LHOB
www.house.gov/aderholt/ web site
Jo Ann Emerson (R-MO8)
202/225-4404 vox
202/226-0326 fax
573/335-0101 district office
132 CHOB
joann.emerson@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/emerson/ web site
Kay Granger (R-TX12)
202/225-5071 vox
202/225-5683 fax
817/338-0909 district office
435 CHOB
texax.granger@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/granger/ web site
John E. Peterson (R-PA5)
202/225-5121 vox
202/225-5796 fax
814/827-3985 district office
307 CHOB
john.peterson@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/johnpeterson/ web site
John P. Murtha (D-PA12)
202/225-2065 vox
202/225-5709 fax
814/535-2642 district office
2423 RHOB
murtha@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/murtha/ web site
Norman D. Dicks (D-WA6)
202/225-5916 vox
202/226-1176 fax
253/593-6536 district office
2467 RHOB
Martin Olav Sabo (D-MN5)
202/225-4755 vox
202/225-4886 fax
612/664-8000 district office
2336 RHOB
martin.sabao@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/sabo/ web site
Julian C. Dixon (D-CA32)
202/225-7084 vox
202/225-4091 fax
323/678-5424 district office
2252 RHOB
Steny H. Hoyer (D-MD5)
202/225-4131 vox
202/225-4300 fax
301/474-0119 district office
1705 LHOB
www.house.gov/hoyer/ web site
Nancy Pelosi (D-CA)
202/225-4965 vox
202/225-8259 fax
415/556-4862 district office
2457 RHOB
sf.nancy@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/pelosi/ web site
Peter J. Visclosky (D-IN1)
202/225-2461 vox
202/225-2493 fax
219/884-1177 district office
2313 RHOB
www.house.gov/visclosky/ web site
Nita M. Lowey (D-NY18)
202/225-6506 vox
202/225-0546 fax
914/428-1707 district office
2421 RHOB
nita.lowey@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/lowey/ web site
Jose E. Serrano (D-NY16)
202/225-4361 vox
202/225-6001 fax
718/538-5400 district office
2342 RHOB
jserrano@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/serrano/ web site
Rosa L. DeLauro (D-CT3)
202/225-3661 vox
202/225-4890 fax
203/562-3718 district office
436 CHOB
www.house.gov/delauro web site
James P. Moran (D-VA8)
202/225-4376 vox
202/225-0017 fax
703/971-4700 district office
2239 RHOB
jim.moran@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/moran/ web site
John W. Olver (D-MA1)
202/225-5335 vox
202/226-1224 fax
413/442-0946 district office
1027 LHOB
john.olver@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/olver/ web site
Ed Pastor (D-AZ2)
202/225-4065 vox
202/225-1655 fax
520/726-2234 district office
2465 RHOB
ed.pastor@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/pastor/ web site
Chet Edwards (D-TX11)
202/225-6105 vox
202/225-0350 fax
254/752-9600 district office
2459 RHOB
www.house.gov/edwards/ web site
James E. Clyburn (D-SC6)
202/225-3315 vox
202/225-2313 fax
843/965-5578 district office
319 CHOB
jclyburn@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/clyburn/ web site
Maurice D. Hinchey (D-NY26)
202/225-6335 vox
202/226-0774 fax
607/273-1388 district office
2431 RHOB
mhinchey@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/hinchey/ web site
Lucille Roybal-Allard (D-CA33)
202/225-1766 vox
202/226-0350 fax
213/628-9230 district office
2435 RHOB
www.house.gov/roybal-allard/ web site
Sam Farr (D-CA17)
202/225-2861 vox
202/225-6791 fax
408/429-1976 district office
1221 LHOB
samfarr@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/farr/ web site
Jesse L. Jackson, Jr. (D-IL2)
202/225-0773 vox
202/225-0899 fax
708/798-6000 district office
313 CHOB
www.jessejacksonjr.org web site
Carolyn C. Kilpatrick (D-MI15)
202/225-2261 vox
202/225-5730 fax
313/965-9004 district office
503 CHOB
www.house.gov/kilpatrick/ web site
Allen Boyd (D-FL2)
202/225-5235 vox
202/225-5615 fax
850/561-3979 district office
107 CHOB
rep.boyd@mail.house.gov email address
www.house.gov/boyd/ web site
# end #
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Subject: starship-design: FW: SpaceViews -- 1999 August 1
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-----Original Message-----
From: owner-spaceviews@wayback.com
[mailto:owner-spaceviews@wayback.com]On Behalf Of jeff@spaceviews.com
Sent: Sunday, August 01, 1999 3:22 PM
Subject: SpaceViews -- 1999 August 1
[ SpaceViews (tm) newsletter ]
[ see end of message for our NEW address to subscribe / unsubscribe ]
S P A C E V I E W S
Issue 1999.08.01
1999 August 1
http://www.spaceviews.com/1999/08/
*** News ***
House Slashes NASA Budget
Shuttle Deploys Chandra Telescope
Loose Plug Caused Shuttle Hydrogen Leak
Lunar Prospector Ends Mission with Crash
Deep Space 1 Completes Asteroid Flyby
Mir Cosmonauts Make Final Spacewalks
Turbopump Failure Cause of Proton Crash
Roton Prototype Makes First Flight Test
"Richter Scale" of Asteroid Impact Threats Announced
SpaceViews Event Horizon
Other News
*** Articles ***
Getting Oriented in Weightlessness:
Results of a Space Shuttle Experiment
*** CyberSpace ***
CyberSpace Web Reviews
Editors Note: If you use Netscape Netcenter's "My Netscape" start
page, you can now incorporate SpaceViews headlines into your
start page along with other news, sports, weather, and other
information! To add a SpaceViews box to your page, use the URL:
http://my.netscape.com/addchannel.tmpl?service=net.900
For more information about the My Netscape service, check out
http://home.netscape.com. As always, for the latest SpaceViews
news, visit http://www.spaceviews.com.
- Jeff Foust
Editor, SpaceViews
jeff@spaceviews.com
*** News ***
House Slashes NASA Budget
NASA is facing some of its worst budget cuts in its history
after an appropriations subcommittee of the House of Representatives
voted Monday, July 26, to cut more than $1.3 billion, or nearly 10
percent, from the agency's proposed fiscal year 2000 budget.
Although the full House Appropriations Committee voted
Friday, July 30 to restore $400 million to NASA's FY 2000 budget, the
agency is still facing a cut of more than $900 million from President
Clinton's original request and $1 billion from its 1999 budget.
The original cuts disproportionately affected space science,
accounting for $640 million of the original $1.3 billion, or 29
percent of the original space science budget. If enacted, the cuts
would have canceled the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF)
space telescope, the Contour comet mission, future Discovery and
Explorer missions, and Mars missions beyond 2001, as well as research
into future missions to Europa, Pluto, and elsewhere.
The full House Appropriations Committee did vote to restore
$400 million to the space science budget by killing the Americorps
community service program. That funding will be used to restore
SIRTF, Mars exploration, and some technology and research funds.
Also heavily hit was NASA's earth sciences programs, with
$150 million cut into the Earth Observing System as well as
cancellation of the LightSAR radar mission and the Triana
Earth-observing camera.
On the other hand, the space station and space shuttle
programs survived with a combined cut of just $250 million. The
space station budget actually still increases from 1999 to 2000, but
only by $100 million instead of the planned $200 million.
A chorus of protests, from NASA, members of Congress, and
space activists, was heard after the original cuts were announced.
"These cuts would gut space exploration," NASA administrator Dan
Goldin said. "They may force the closure of one to three NASA
centers, and significant layoffs would most certainly follow."
Because the cuts are so tightly focused on Earth and space
sciences, the centers threatened with closure include the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the Goddard Space Flight Center, two
facilities usually not considered prime targets for closure in the
past.
"If NASA were faced with the reality of having more centers
than it needed, I would certainly expect JPL would be on the list,"
JPL deputy director Larry Dumas told the Pasadena Star-News
newspaper.
Those claims were disputed by Rep. James Sensenbrenner,
chairman of the House Science Committee. "Their claims that NASA will
have to close centers and initiate layoffs... are disingenuous at
best and purposely inflammatory at worst," he claimed. "These are
scare tactics, pure and simple, and should be rejected as such."
NASA's budget has been slowly but steadily declining
throughout Goldin's tenure as NASA administrator, but the proposed
cuts are far sharper than anything the agency has experienced before.
"Up until now, NASA has always stepped up to the budgetary challenge.
This time the NASA team plans to fight," Goldin said. "I won't feel
better until every nickel is restored."
The National Space Society issued an alert asking its members
to contact members of the House Appropriations Committee. "We cannot
stand by and allow the House of Representatives to act so
irresponsibly and play politics with the future of our national space
program," the society said in a statement.
The full House of Representatives is expected to take up the
appropriations bill this week. The Senate has yet to act on
appropriations legislation for the space agency, and may not do so
until after the August recess. President Clinton has also promised
in the past to veto any appropriations bill that did not include
funding for his Americorps program, a potential stumbling block for
NASA funding. The long legislative process ahead means there is still
time for funding to be restored, or additional cuts to be made.
"This is only the beginning of the process," Rep. James Walsh
(R-NY), chair of the appropriations subcommittee that made the
initial devastating cuts, told the Associated Press. "We're at about
the bottom of the third in a nine-inning ball game."
Shuttle Deploys Chandra Telescope
Despite some problems during launch, the shuttle Columbia
successfully completed its mission last month to deploy the Chandra
X-Ray Telescope.
Columbia lifted on on mission STS-93 at 12:31 am EDT (0431
UT) Friday, July 23. The launch had been delayed one day by
thunderstorms, and two days before that when a sensor erroneously
detected a buildup of hydrogen in an engine compartment seven second
before liftoff.
The crew, commanded by Eileen Collins, the first woman to
command a shuttle mission, completed its primary task seven hours
after launch when it deployed the Chandra X-Ray Telescope. The
telescope's Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) fired perfectly one hour
later, placing the telescope in an elliptical orbit. The telescope's
onboard thrusters have been tweaking the orbit into its final
version, between 10,000 and 140,000 km (6,200 and 87,000 mi.) above
the Earth.
After the telescope was deployed, the five-person crew turned
their attention to a suite of secondary experiments, ranging from a
small ultraviolet telescope mounted in the shuttle to a test of a new
hinge for deploying solar arrays to biological tests on the effects
of microgravity.
While much of the attention during the early phase of the
mission focused on Chandra and on Collins, later on in the mission
the focus changed to a series of problems that took place during the
launch. A short circuit five seconds after launch disabled the
controllers for two of the three main engines. Backup controllers
took over, but additional malfunctions would have shut down at least
one of the engines, requiring an abort and emergency landing.
At a post-flight press conference, Collins said she
originally thought the warning lights that appeared when the
controllers failed were more ordinary lights she had seen on previous
launches, then reconsidered when mission controllers advised her and
pilot Jeff Ashby to shut down other systems in an effort to keep them
from being taken out by the short.
"I thought, 'This isn't right, this isn't what I was
expecting,'" Collins said. "The next thoughts that are going through
my mind are, 'What's our abort capability? If we lose an engine,
where are we going to go?'"
At the end of the launch, the main engines shut down a
split-second early, placing the shuttle in an orbit 11 km (7 mi.)
lower than planned. The early shutdown was traced to a leak of
hydrogen coolant from one of the main engine nozzles during launch
(see accompanying article below.)
The launch problems had no effect on the landing, which took
place at 11:20 pm EDT July 27 (0320 UT July 28) at the Kennedy Space
Center.
Loose Plug Caused Shuttle Hydrogen Leak
A loose plug fell through an engine nozzle, puncturing three
coolant tubes and causing the hydrogen leak noticed during the STS-93
shuttle mission, NASA investigators said Friday, July 30.
According to investigators, the plug, used to seal a liquid
oxygen injector tube, fell off as the main engines on the shuttle
Columbia were ignited six seconds before liftoff. The engine thrust
accelerated the tiny plug, no larger than a small nail, to supersonic
speeds as it crashed into the size of the nozzle, weakening the tubes
and causing them to rupture.
The ruptured tubes allowed liquid hydrogen, used to cool the
engine nozzles before being consumed as fuel by the engines
themselves, to leak from the shuttle. More than 1,000 kg (2,200
lbs.) of hydrogen leaked out during the ascent into orbit.
The leak caused the engine to run up to 55 degrees Celsius
(100 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than normal, in turn consuming an
additional 1,800 kg (4,000 lbs.) of liquid oxygen. That led to the
shutdown of the main engines a split-second early, placing the
shuttle in an orbit 11 km (7 mi.) lower than planned.
Shuttle officials said that the leak could not have caused an
explosion, and did not immediately endanger the shuttle. However, if
the leak had been larger, the engine temperature would have increased
to the point where the engine shut down, forcing an emergency landing
either back at the Kennedy Space Center or the transatlantic abort
site in Africa.
Bill Gerstenmaier, shuttle program manager, told Florida
Today that 20 to 40 coolant lines would have had to rupture to
overheat and shut down the engine.
The plug that damaged the coolant lines was one of two
installed to plug a small injector tube, one of several hundred that
feed liquid oxygen into the main engine. The tube had become damaged
and was plugged to prevent oxygen from leaking and inadvertently
mixing with liquid hydrogen. The other plug held, NASA officials
said.
An investigation into the coolant leak and the exact series
of events that caused it is ongoing. Also still under investigation
is an electrical short five seconds after launch that disabled two of
the six computers that serve as engine controllers. Technicians are
expected to take some time to check Columbia's wiring to find the
exact location of the short circuit.
It's not currently known if either problem will push back the
next shuttle launch, Endeavour's mid-September launch on STS-99, a
radar mapping mission.
Lunar Prospector Ends Mission with Crash
The Lunar Prospector spacecraft ended its highly-successful
18-month mission with a deliberate crash into a crater near the lunar
south pole July 31 in a search for water.
Prospector crashed near the lunar south pole at 5:52 am EDT
(0952 UT) July 31, project officials reported. The impact took place
a minute later that previously planned because a thruster burn early
Friday that placed the spacecraft in an elliptical orbit to prepare
for the impact was slightly stronger than planned.
Neither amateurs nor professionals reported seeing a plume of
dust that some thought the spacecraft's impact would raise. The fact
that no impact plume was seen, NASA officials said, actually
increases the likelihood that Prospector hit its desired impact site
deep within a shaded crater near the lunar south pole.
Observations by a large group of terrestrial telescopes,
including the Keck Observatory and telescopes in Arizona and Texas,
as well as the Hubble Space Telescope and the Submillimeter Wave
Astronomy Satellite (SWAS), were made in a search for water that
would have been thrown up by the impact. Analysis of the data is
expected to take up to several months.
"Once again, Prospector has done everything we have asked of
it," said Alan Binder, principal investigator for Lunar Prospector.
"This mission provided ten times better data than we expected. The
spacecraft performed flawlessly to its very end."
In its final days, the spacecraft had to survive a partial
lunar eclipse July 28 that kept the spacecraft out of the Sun for
several hours. To conserve the limited battery power on the
spacecraft non-essential systems, including most of the scientific
instruments, were turned off. Project officials said the spacecraft
made it through the eclipse with no problems.
Prospector was crashed into the Moon at the end of its
18-month mission in an effort to directly detect any water ice that
is believed to be hidden in permanently-shadowed craters near the
lunar poles. Prospector was targeted to impact in one such shadowed
area of a 50-km (30-mi.) crater near the lunar south pole, although
the exact site of impact was not known.
Scientists cautioned that the odds of success for this impact
were small, no more than 10 percent, according to David Goldstein,
the University of Texas scientist who proposed the crash. If water
was detected, however, it would lay to rest nearly all doubts that
ice exists at the lunar poles.
Two Stanford University scientists earlier in July cautioned,
though, that any water near the lunar poles could be locked up in
hydrated minerals similar to concrete. The impact, they believed
could librate water from those minerals that does not exist in free
form on or near the lunar surface.
The crash also deposited on the Moon the ashes of the late
geologist Eugene Shoemaker, a pioneer in lunar research in the 1960s
who was killed in an auto accident in Australia two years ago. A
sample of his cremated ashes were included on the Lunar Prospector
spacecraft, fulfilling a desire he had to travel to the Moon.
Deep Space 1 Completes Asteroid Flyby
NASA's Deep Space 1 spacecraft capped off its
technology-development mission with a successful flyby of a small
asteroid July 29, although a mispointed camera may mean no close-up
images of the asteroid.
DS1 passed within about 15 kilometers (9 miles) of asteroid
9969 Braille, formerly known as 1992 KD, at 12:46 am EDT (0446 UT)
July 29. Mission officials initially reported the flyby was a
success, returning images and other data about the small asteroid.
However, mission scientists reported Thursday afternoon, July
29, that DS1's camera was misaimed during the closest portion of the
flyby and did not return any closeups of the asteroid.
The spacecraft used an onboard navigation system called
AutoNav to guide itself past the asteroid safely. AutoNav was one of
a dozen technologies tested by the spacecraft during the mission.
"This is a dramatic finale to an amazingly successful
mission," said Marc Rayman, deputy mission manager. "With AutoNav's
successful piloting of the spacecraft, we've completed the testing
and validation of the 12 new technologies onboard and possibly
acquired important science data, including photos."
Mission officials later told the Associated Press that the
camera lost the asteroid about 20 minutes before closest approach,
when the spacecraft was still more than 16,000 km (10,000 mi.) from
the asteroid.
"This is analogous to mispointing a camera and getting a
blank field of view," project scientist Robert Nelson told the AP.
Data from other instruments initially appeared to be okay, however.
Later reports indicated that some infrared images were
obtained fairly close to, but not at, the time of closest approach.
No images have yet been released, but a press conference has been
scheduled for August 3 to report on the quantity and quality of the
science data returned during the flyby.
The flyby was not without problems. About 16 hours before
closest approach a software glitch triggered a "safing event", when
the spacecraft shut down nonessential systems and waited for
instructions from Earth. The problem was corrected about six hours
later.
"This has been by far the most challenging, dramatic and
stressful day on the project," said Rayman. "The last 16 hours before
the flyby were really, really exciting. We had the safing event, we
recovered from it and we managed to squeeze in a trajectory
correction maneuver to update Deep Space 1's flight path."
Any scientific results will be considered an added bonus for
the mission, whose primary purpose is technology development. Since
its launch in October, DS1 tested technologies ranging from an ion
engine to advanced solar panels to an autonomous control system.
The mission is officially scheduled to end in September.
There has been past discussion of an extended mission, which would
include two comet flybys in 2001, but the precarious nature of NASA's
space sciences budget make the probability of obtaining such funding
unlikely.
The asteroid received its new name just a few days before the
flyby. The name was selected by the discoverers of the asteroid,
Eleanor Helin and David Lawrence, from a set of finalists chosen by a
Planetary Society panel as part of a competition run by the
organization.
Mir Cosmonauts Make Final Spacewalks
Two Russian cosmonauts made two spacewalks late last month
that are likely to be the final spacewalks performed outside the Mir
space station.
Cosmonauts Viktor Afanasyev and Sergei Avdeyev spent six
hours outside Mir on July 23 in a largely unsuccessful effort. They
attempted to deploy a large Russian-Georgian antenna designed to
communicate with other satellites, but were unable to open the
antenna after an extended effort.
They also attempted to search the exterior of part of the
station in a search for an air leak first noticed several weeks ago,
but were unable to locate the source of the leak.
Afanasyev and Avdeyev performed a second spacewalk July 28.
During that five-hour, 22-minute spacewalk, they were finally able to
fully deploy the communications antenna. They also also installed
equipment to study the effects of electric and magnetic fields on the
station, as well as equipment which the Russian Interfax news agency
described as being able to detect air leaks from the station,
although the two did not resume their search for an existing leak
from the station that they attempted in their previous spacewalk.
During both spacewalks the third member of the Mir crew,
French cosmonaut Jean-Pierre Haignere, remained in the station and
monitored the progress of the spacewalkers.
Russian officials downplayed any mention of the leak, saying
it was not serious to the current crew. However, officials said a
week earlier that if the leak was not fixed, the station would be
uninhabitable within three months.
That shouldn't pose a problem for the current crew, which is
now scheduled to depart the station August 28. The station will be
left unoccupied after that, with the possible exception of a
short-term visit to Mir in December that Russian officials discussed
earlier this year.
Unless private funding can be found, Russia will deorbit Mir
in early 2000 over the Pacific Ocean.
Turbopump Failure Cause of Proton Crash
A fire in the turbopump of one of the engines in the second
stage of a Proton booster caused it to crash several minutes after
launch July 5, Russian officials revealed this week.
In an interview with the Russian Izvestia news service July
27, Anatoli Kiselev, Director-General of Khrunichev State Research,
said that a faulty weld in the turbopump triggered a fire which
destroyed the second stage and caused the rest of the booster to
crash downrange from its Baikonur, Kazakhstan launch site.
"The fire was started by a stray aluminum particle in a seam
between the cover and the apparatus as a result of a defect in a
weld," Kiselev told Izvestia. Such stray particles can be blown in
by a turbopump or enter though the fueling equipment as a result of
personnel neglect.
Using "super advanced U.S. equipment" to simulate the
accident, Kiselev said a particle weighing as little as 0.2 grams is
sufficient to start a fire, and that a weld as little as 25 percent
below the norm can harbor such particles.
Telemetry returned by the rocket showed that the first four
minutes and 37 seconds of its July 5th flight were normal. At that
point, however, the number three engine of the second stage destroyed
itself in a fire, also taking out portions of the rear of the stage
and the bottom of the second stage fuel tank. Within a half-second
the fuel and oxidizer tanks of the stage depressurized, destroying
the stage.
The third stage and the Breeze-M upper stage, making its
inaugural flight, survived the destruction of the second stage but
did not have enough velocity to reach orbit. Aerodynamic and heat
loads destroyed these stages at an altitude of 30 km (18 mi.),
scattering debris over portions of Siberia and Kazakhstan.
Kiselev said the Russian State Commission investigating the
launch failure will recommend that the turbopump design be upgraded,
and a filter be added that can catch spurious particles that can
start such fires. The fueling equipment may also be upgraded.
"We were planning to perform all these upgrades in 2000
anyway, but this failure presses us to do it earlier than we
expected," Kiselev said.
"An important thing is that this failure is of a singular
manufacturing nature," he added. "The failure has not lowered our
estimate of Proton reliability beyond the reference level," which is
a success rate of 96 percent.
The timeframe for these upgrades, and the return to flight of
the Proton, is unknown. Kiselev said he believes an additional four
Western payloads can be launched on Protons by the end of the year.
This would require Kazakhstan to lift its ban on Proton launches
which it put into place after the crash. Negotiations between
Russian and Kazakhstan on the Proton ban are ongoing.
A Proton will also be used late this year to launch the
Zvezda service module for the International Space Station.
International Launch Services, the joint venture between
Lockheed Martin, Khrunichev, and Energia, said the Russian State
Commission will likely release their formal report on the launch
accident in the first or second week in August. They released the
Izvestia report as they cannot share technical information with
Khrunichev until the U.S. federal government approves a license for
them to do so.
Roton Prototype Makes First Flight Test
A prototype of Rotary Rocket Company's Roton reusable launch
vehicle made its first test flight Friday, July 23, hovering a few
meters off the ground for several minutes.
The Roton Atmospheric Test Vehicle (ATV) successfully
performed three takeoff and landing maneuvers during the flight test,
which lasted 4 minutes and 40 seconds, just under the planned
5-minute duration. The Roton ATV hovered at an altitude of about 2.4
meters (8 feet) during the test, within the planned range of 1.5 to 3
meters (5 to 10 feet).
"It is this demonstrated performance that provides
creditability to Rotary Rocket's aims of achieving low-cost space
flight," said Rotary Rocket president and CEO Gary Hudson.
The flight test was performed with a crew of two onboard:
pilot Dr. Marti Sarigul-Klijn, a retired Navy commander and Roton
Chief Engineer, with Brian Binnie, also a retired Navy commander and
Roton Flight Test Director, as copilot. Both are experienced test
pilots.
The test flight took place Friday morning, July 23, at Rotary
Rocket's facilities in Mojave, California, but was not reported until
Wednesday, July 28. Rotary officials had declined comment on the
test flight until Wednesday's announcement.
The Roton ATV is a full-scale prototype designed to test the
flight characteristics of the Roton launch vehicle in the atmosphere,
particularly during approach and landing. The vehicle has no rocket
engines but does have a helicopter-like rotor, with small thrusters
on the tips of the blades, that is used to propel the vehicle in the
atmosphere.
The ATV will eventually be used on longer flights from
altitudes of over 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) to test the approach and
landing characteristics of the vehicle. No timeline for those tests
were given by Rotary officials.
A future test vehicle, the Roton PTV, will be used to test
the launch characteristics of the vehicle. That version will
incorporate a rocket engine based on NASA's Fastrac engine under
development. The company selected the Fastrac over its own RocketJet
engine design during a reorganization in June.
The company plans to have the full version of the Roton
single-stage reusable launch vehicle enter commercial service in
2001, funding permitting.
"Richter Scale" of Asteroid Impact Threats Announced
The International Astronomical Union has officially endorsed
Thursday, July 22, a new system of communicating the threat of
potential collisions by near-Earth asteroids.
The Torino Scale, endorsed by the IAU at the United Nations
UNISPACE III meeting in Vienna, is a 0-10 scale designed to easily
express the danger posed by a near-Earth asteroid collision. The
scale is named after the Italian city where it was adopted by an IAU
working group in June.
The scale is analogous to the Richter Scale used to measure
the intensity of earthquakes as well as similar scales to gauge the
strength of hurricanes and tornadoes. However, the Torino scale
takes into account both the potential damage an asteroid could do as
well as the probability of a collision.
On the Torino scale, an asteroid measuring 0 would have no
chance of hitting Earth, or would be unable to do reach the ground if
it encountered the Earth. An asteroid measuring 10 would be certain
to hit the Earth and cause global damage.
An 8, 9 or 10 on the Torino scale would correspond to a
certain collision of varying magnitudes. Lower numbers would be used
to describe less certain impacts of varying strengths.
Currently all known asteroids measure a 0 on the Torino
scale. Some asteroids, such as 1999 AN10, at one time measured a 1
on the scale, meaning that they had about an equal probability of
striking the Earth as a random, undiscovered object of similar size.
These asteroid have been downgraded, though, after new observations
led to refined orbits that reduced or eliminated any impact
probability.
The scale was developed by Richard Binzel, a planetary
astronomy professor at MIT, as a way to better communicate the real
dangers -- or lack of danger -- posed by near-Earth asteroids.
"Scientists haven't done a very good job of communicating to the
public the relative danger of collision with an asteroid," he said.
"The Torino scale should help us clearly inform but not confuse the
public."
An asteroid impact, Binzel said, "is a case of a
high-consequence but low-probability event. It's difficult in human
nature to figure out what level of anxiety we should assign to an
approaching asteroid."
The adoption of the Torino scale comes at a time when the
rate of near-Earth asteroid discoveries has sharply increased, thanks
to sophisticated detection systems like the LINEAR project at MIT's
Lincoln Laboratory and long-term searches like Spacewatch in Arizona.
The increased discovery rate has led to impact "scares" like
1999 AN10 this year and 1997 XF11 last year, when newly-discovered
asteroids were found to have small but non-zero impact probabilities
in the coming decades. Those probabilities decreased after new
observations led to refined orbits.
"What I find especially important about the Torino impact
scale is that it comes in time to meet future needs as the rate of
discoveries of near-Earth objects continues to increase," said Hans
Rickman, IAU Assistant General Secretary.
Binzel hopes that the Torino scale will make as easy to
communicate the threat of an asteroid collision as the Richter scale
does to describe the intensity of an earthquake. "If you tell a
Californian that an earthquake registering one on the Richter scale
was going to hit tomorrow, he would say, 'So what?'" he said. "If you
were talking about a six, that would be different."
SpaceViews Event Horizon
August 4 Ariane 4 launch of the Indonesian Telekom-1
communications satellite from Kourou, French Guiana
at 6:48 pm EDT (2248 UT)
August 12-15 Mars Society 1999 Conference, Boulder, CO
August 14 Galileo flyby of the Jovian moon Callisto
August 15 Delta 2 launch of four Globlastar satellites from
Cape Canaveral, Florida at 1:09 am EDT (0509 UT)
August 18 Cassini flyby of Earth
September 23-26 Space Frontier Conference 8, Los Angeles, CA
Other News
Delta 2 Launch: A Delta 2 successfully launched four more Globalstar
communication satellites early Sunday, July 25. The Delta 2 lifted
off from pad 17A at Cape Canaveral at 3:46 am EDT (0746 UT), at the
beginning of the first of two available launch windows. The launch
was the third Delta 2 launch of Globalstar satellites in a six-week
period, after launches on June 10 and July 10. A fourth launch, the
last in this cluster of launches, is planned for mid-August, after
the Cape Canaveral launch facilities are reopened after range
modernization work. With the July 25 launch, 32 Globalstar
satellites are now in orbit, 20 from four Delta 2 launches and 12
from three Soyuz launches. Three more Soyuz and one more Delta 2 will
be used this fall to complete the 48-satellite constellation plus fly
four on-orbit spares.
Atlas 3 Loses Payload: The first launch of Lockheed Martin's new
Atlas 3 booster will likely be delayed after it lost its first
payload to Ariane July 26. Loral Space and Communications announced
that it would launch its Telstar 7 communications satellite on an
Ariane 4 in September, and not on the first flight of the Atlas 3A as
originally planned. The launch of the Atlas 3A, an upgraded version
of the Atlas 2 using Russian-designed RD-180 main engines and a
Centaur upper stage, has been delayed while an investigation
continued into the failure of an RL-10 engine on a Delta 3 launch in
May similar to the engine used by the Centaur.
Titan's Hydrocarbon Oceans: New images from the Keck Observatory
released July 28 have provided the best view yet of Titan's surface
and show evidence of possible oceans of ethane, methane, or other
hydrocarbons. The images, taken at infrared wavelengths that can
peer through the moon's thick smog, show evidence of bright and dark
regions on the surface that scientists interpret as areas of land and
ocean, respectively. The images are not the first view of the
surface of the moon: The Hubble Space Telescope provided similar
views at near-infrared wavelengths in 1994. However, the Keck images
are sharper, thanks to a process known as "speckle interferometry"
that combines a large number of short snapshots are processed
together to remove the blurring effects of Earth's turbulent
atmosphere.
Keeping Track of Near-Earth Asteroids: Despite several new search
efforts and a decrease in the estimated overall population, most of
the near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) that pose the greatest threat to the
Earth have yet to be discovered, astronomers reported at a conference
Tuesday, July 27. While new observations have led some astronomers
to believe that there are only 500-1000 NEAs 1 km (0.6-mi.) or larger
in diameter, only 15-20% of these NEAs have been discovered. At
current discovery rates the rest will be found in 20 to 40 years,
although quadrupling the discovery rate should allow 90% of these
NEAs to be discovered in the next 10 years, the goal of the proposed
Spaceguard program.
Interesting NEAs: Some NEAs that have already been discovered have
proven to be interesting objects. Images and other data collected by
the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft's flyby of Eros
show the asteroid is likely a solid body, and not a rubble pile like
other asteroids. Two papers published in the July 23 issue of
Science show that Eros more closely resembles the main-belt asteroid
Ida rather than Mathilde, a rubble-pile asteroid NEAR flew by in
1997. A much smaller NEA, 1998 KY26, is also likely a solid body, in
part because its 10-minute rotation period makes it the most
rapidly-rotating solar system body yet discovered. A compositional
analysis of the asteroid, based on telescopic observations in June,
show that the asteroid is a carbonaceous chondrite, rich with water.
"This asteroid is quite literally an oasis for future space
explorers," said JPL's Steve Ostro.
Indemnification, Russia Legislation: The House Science Committee's
space subcommittee passed bills Thursday, July 29 that would extend
commercial launch indemnification and would tie any NASA funding of
Russia's space program to missile nonproliferation efforts. HR 2607,
the Commercial Space Transportation Competitiveness Act of 1999,
would extend for five years the indemnification on catastrophic
launch accidents that is currently set to expire at the end of 1999.
HR 1883, Iran Non-Proliferation Act of 1999., would prevent NASA from
sending any money to the Russian Space Agency in the event that the
administration determined that Russia was helping Iran develop
long-range ballistic missiles. The subcommittee passed two
amendments that would allow funding for safety reasons, or to
complete and build the space station's service module, even if a ban
was in effect.
*** Articles ***
Getting Oriented in Weightlessness:
Results of a Space Shuttle Experiment
by Dr. Charles M. Oman
"What's up?" is not a trivial question for astronauts in
weightlessness. Gravitational "down" cues are missing, so they must
depend on vision to maintain their spatial orientation. Many
astronauts seem to maintain a local "subjective" vertical frame of
reference, which accounts for their occasional reports of inversion
illusions, visual reorientation illusions, and fear of falling during
space walks, all of which can sometimes trigger space motion
sickness. Previous Spacelab studies using rolling dotted cylinder
displays showed increased susceptibility to roll circular vection (a
visually induced motion illusion) during the first week in space.
However, information on linear vection susceptibility, and perceptual
responses to structured visual scenes remained important pieces of
the scientific puzzle which were missing prior to Neurolab.
The availability of the Neurolab Virtual Environment
Generator on the STS-90 shuttle mission in April 1998 allowed us to
employ a wider repertoire of stimuli, including not only dotted
cylinders, but also moving corridors, and tilted or rolling
spacecraft interiors. This was the first use of virtual reality
techniques in space. We studied both circular and linear vection,
visual reorientation illusions, and subjective reference frame
effects on figure recognition and shading interpretation.
We found that susceptibility to both linear as well as
circular vection illusion was increased in weightlessness for three
test subjects. Both vection measures were consistently reduced in
flight when the subject wore a harness which held them "down" to the
deck. We also tested the effects of stationary spacecraft interior
scenes tilted at various angles on the perceived vertical -- a 0-G
extension of classic tilted room experiments. Responses of three
subjects did not change in orbit. All of them were either strongly
dependent or strongly independent on visual scene tilt in preflight
tests. However, one moderately visually independent subject -- as
evidenced by sensitivity to scene content and body orientation --
shifted to strong visual dependence in flight, and gradually returned
to independence during the first week post flight. No subjects became
more visually independent during or after flight.
Our tumbling room tests confirmed a consistent increase in
circular vection in orbit. Visual reorientation illusion frequency
in supine testing preflight and in flight were similar for most
subjects. The distribution of scene angles at VRI onset showed
statistically significant modal tendencies, but were unchanged in 2
of 3 subjects. We had hypothesized that complex figure recognition
and interpretation of shape from shading would show effects when the
direction of the subjective vertical was manipulated, as it does on
Earth, even though gravity is absent. Most subjects had response
biases or performed the task inconsistently, which may have masked
the effect. However, one subject was able to demonstrate both types
of effects consistently, showing that choice of subjective reference
frame can have important perceptual consequences for astronauts.
Our experiment has been tentatively selected for reflight on
the International Space Station, to see how our measures of astronaut
spatial orientation change over months, rather than days in. Our
Neurolab scientific results, virtual reality methods, and analysis
techniques are proving useful in the current research of the National
Space Biomedical Research Institute, aimed at developing preflight
spatial orientation training as a countermeasure, and understanding
how sense of direction is coded in 3 dimensions in the hippocampus.
Our findings also broaden our understanding of how elderly people and
patients with diseases of the inner ear or hippocampus use visual
cues, and why some find certain situations in daily life disorienting
-- for example walking or driving at night, in subway stations or
supermarket corridors, or in wide screen movie theaters.
Dr. Charles M. Oman is director of the Man Vehicle Laboratory at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This article was adapted from
a final report submitted by Oman and colleagues Ian P. Howard, Ted
Carpenter-Smith, Andrew C. Beall, Alan Natapoff, James E. Zacher, and
Heather Jenkin.
*** CyberSpace ***
NASA Apollo 11 30th Anniversary
This site, created by the NASA History Office, could be considered
the "official" site for the 30th anniversary of this historic
mission. It's also one of the most comprehensive, with transcripts
of interviews with the Apollo 11 crew, biographies of the crew and
mission managers, images and movies from the mission, and a list of
events to commemorate the 30th anniversary. This site should be one
of the first places to turn to for more information about Apollo 11.
http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/ap11ann/eagle.html
Where Were You July 20, 1969?
The title of this site succinctly expresses its purpose: where were
you on July 20, 1969, when Apollo 11 landed on the Moon? This site
collects the stories of ordinary people from around the world who
provide their recollections of this historic event. From those
serving in Vietnam -- and those protesting the war at home -- to
children and others, this site provides real stories, both funny and
touching, from this historic day.
http://www.wherewereyou.com/
The N-1 Moon Rocket
The N-1 rocket was the Soviet Union's answer to the Saturn 5: a giant
booster powerful enough to send cosmonauts on a lunar landing
mission. The rocket was never successfully launched, and its
development was shrouded in mystery in the West for many years. This
site sheds some light on the history of the N-1, including a list of
attempted launches, technical details about the booster, and one of
the best photos available of the N-1 on the launch pad.
http://hometown.aol.com/nodin/N1pages/N1index1.html
XRayTelescope.com
The Chandra X-Ray Telescope (formerly AXAF), the latest in NASA's
series of "Great Observatories", has recently gone into orbit. This
site, created by the "Science@NASA" team at NASA Marshall, provides
some background information about the telescope, latest news about
its launch, and a gallery of images and video of the telescope. If
you ever wanted to know details about Chandra and the science it will
perform, this is the place to go.
http://xraytelescope.com/
========
This has been the August 1, 1999, issue of SpaceViews.
SpaceViews is also available on the World Wide web from the
SpaceViews home page:
http://www.spaceviews.com/
or via anonymous FTP from ftp.seds.org:
ftp://ftp.seds.org/pub/info/newsletters/spaceviews/text/19990801.txt
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["929" "Tuesday" "3" "August" "1999" "20:12:39" "-0400" "Curtis L. Manges" "clmanges@worldnet.att.net" nil "22" "starship-design: Am I missing something?" "^From:" nil nil "8" nil nil nil nil nil]
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From: "Curtis L. Manges" <clmanges@worldnet.att.net>
Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: "starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: starship-design: Am I missing something?
Date: Tue, 03 Aug 1999 20:12:39 -0400
The following quote was taken from the article, >>"Richter Scale" of
Asteroid Impact Threats Announced<< released on Spaceviews, here:
http://www.spaceviews.com/1999/08/
"Some asteroids, such as 1999 AN10, at one time measured a 1 on the
[Torino] scale, meaning that they had about an equal probability of
striking Earth as a random, undiscovered object of similar size."
Now, I've got to wonder: if an object is "undiscovered," how we can know
anything about its size, or its probability of striking Earth? I feel
it's important to clarify this, because it would seem to suggest that
our asteroid experts are postulating the likelihoods of specific
events, with NO real-world information to base their judgments on. This
can't be true, can it?
If any of you folks know anything about how these people do their work,
I'd enjoy a little bit of enlightenment about it, as I'm sure a lot of
us would.
Keep looking up,
Curtis
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Reply-To: Steve VanDevender <stevev@efn.org>
From: Steve VanDevender <stevev@efn.org>
Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
Subject: starship-design: Am I missing something?
Date: Tue, 3 Aug 1999 17:35:02 -0700 (PDT)
Curtis L. Manges writes:
> The following quote was taken from the article, >>"Richter Scale" of
> Asteroid Impact Threats Announced<< released on Spaceviews, here:
> http://www.spaceviews.com/1999/08/
>
> "Some asteroids, such as 1999 AN10, at one time measured a 1 on the
> [Torino] scale, meaning that they had about an equal probability of
> striking Earth as a random, undiscovered object of similar size."
>
> Now, I've got to wonder: if an object is "undiscovered," how we can know
> anything about its size, or its probability of striking Earth? I feel
> it's important to clarify this, because it would seem to suggest that
> our asteroid experts are postulating the likelihoods of specific
> events, with NO real-world information to base their judgments on. This
> can't be true, can it?
>
> If any of you folks know anything about how these people do their work,
> I'd enjoy a little bit of enlightenment about it, as I'm sure a lot of
> us would.
You can obtain the approximate historical probability of the
Earth being struck by asteroids based on geological evidence of
previous impacts. So it may not be as silly as it sounds to talk
about the probability of the Earth being struck by undiscovered
objects, although it would be nice to know more about how they
came up with the numbers.
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From: Ben Franchuk <bfranchuk@jetnet.ab.ca>
Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
CC: starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
Subject: Re: starship-design: Am I missing something?
Date: Tue, 03 Aug 1999 19:26:16 -0600
Steve VanDevender wrote:
>
> Curtis L. Manges writes:
> > The following quote was taken from the article, >>"Richter Scale" of
> > Asteroid Impact Threats Announced<< released on Spaceviews, here:
> > http://www.spaceviews.com/1999/08/
> >
> You can obtain the approximate historical probability of the
> Earth being struck by asteroids based on geological evidence of
> previous impacts. So it may not be as silly as it sounds to talk
> about the probability of the Earth being struck by undiscovered
> objects, although it would be nice to know more about how they
> came up with the numbers.
I would assume you count all the impacts made and date them.
Add in a fudge factor for the ones you missed and try to sort them
by impact size and age. Since the last big impact was 65 million years ago
I think mankind has a very small chance of death by impact as opposed to other
things. This does not count mankinds stupidly like mining asteroids and trying
to
place on in orbit.
Ben.
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To: starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
Subject: starship-design: help needed
Date: Sat, 7 Aug 1999 16:17:48 +0100 (BST)
Hello,I have been a member of this mailing list for
sometime now and find the some of the views expressed
very interesting. I am hoping someone can help me with
the following...
I am a student is of architecture in India who is
currently doing a dissertation on the future of
architecture in outer space. My main source of
information is the Internet since there isn't much
information on the design aspect of the topic here
(requirements, constraints etc. other than the
obvious). If anyone can help me out with my problem,
it would help me immensely. I have visited the NASA
site and got some information from there. It would
also help if anyone could refer me to someone I can
contact via e-mail.
Thanx for your time and help.
Sharmila Badkar
_____________________________________________________________
DO YOU YAHOO!?
Get your free @yahoo.co.uk address at http://mail.yahoo.co.uk
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Organization: Cognitive Graphic Design
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Subject: starship-design: [Fwd: casimir-forward balloon]
Date: Sat, 07 Aug 1999 02:39:12 -0400
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Date: Sat, 07 Aug 1999 02:37:03 -0400
From: Connor Itenman <chithree@boo.net>
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To: Sharmila Badkar <sharmila27@yahoo.co.uk>
Subject: casimir-forward balloon
References: <19990807151748.25888.rocketmail@web601.yahoomail.com>
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Since this list is so quiet, I thought I might as well bring it up. I
have this idea for a balloon type arrangement for space propulsion.
There's a shoddily drawn model below. The plates (red stuff) are coated
in a kind of phosphor. I was hoping they could alter Microwave light,
but if not that's okay, the holes can be scaled down. So the out side
layer is made of a mesh that is just loose enough to let the first
(green) kind of microwave in, but not the second blue one. If the
phosphor will only lower the frequency, we can have a coating to exploit
microwaves' penetrating properties. As far as I can tell, this would
cause all the microwaves going at the balloon to come out the back end,
driving it forward. Does this all work, or can you find an error in my
thinking? I know that it's not a very realistic idea, since the balloon
would have to be so big compared to the cargo. Also, what about
interstellar debris piercing the balloon?
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["9580" "Saturday" "7" "August" "1999" "20:37:29" "-0600" "Ben Franchuk" "bfranchuk@jetnet.ab.ca" nil "224" "Re: starship-design: help needed" "^From:" nil nil "8" nil "starship-design: help needed" nil nil nil]
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From: Ben Franchuk <bfranchuk@jetnet.ab.ca>
Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: Sharmila Badkar <sharmila27@yahoo.co.uk>,
"Beanstalkr@aol.com" <Beanstalkr@aol.com>
CC: starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
Subject: Re: starship-design: help needed
Date: Sat, 07 Aug 1999 20:37:29 -0600
Sharmila Badkar
>
> Hello,I have been a member of this mailing list for
> sometime now and find the some of the views expressed
> very interesting. I am hoping someone can help me with
> the following...
>
> I am a student is of in India who is
> currently doing a dissertation on the future of
> architecture in outer space. My main source of
> information is the Internet since there isn't much
> information on the design aspect of the topic here
> (requirements, constraints etc. other than the
> obvious). If anyone can help me out with my problem,
> it would help me immensely. I have visited the NASA
> site and got some information from there. It would
> also help if anyone could refer me to someone I can
> contact via e-mail.
> Thanx for your time and help.
>
> Sharmila Badkar
>
This is one topic I could ramble on all day about that and with my writing
skills
I will write all day. I am assuming architecture in general, buildings
cities , industrial and farming and living complexes.
That is a wide topic, depending where one is planning to build as you have wide
range of environments, including as a contrast underwater environments.
Here are 7 links while not architecture give some idea of what transportation
into space will be like. You can't build any thing until you can get materials
and
people into space is my view. If you can figure the what people will be doing in
space and how they got there, only then can You design the architecture that may
be
found in space.
Here are some links might be useful.
http://members.aol.com/Nathan2go/SPELEV.HTM space hotels
http://msia02.msi.se/~lindsey/spaceLinks.html general home page
http://www.rotaryrocket.com/ launch vehicle
http://www.xprize.org/main.asp more launch vehicles
http://www.sciam.com/1999/0299issue/0299beardsley.html space access
http://www.bristolspaceplanes.com/home.shtml space plane
This will give you some basic payload costs in the near future and size and
weight constraints for construction if designs are built and assembled in orbit
from
prefabricated smallish parts. For larger designs your guess is as good as any.
For historical context, http://solar.rtd.utk.edu/%7Emwade/spaceflt.htm
and good all around rocket designs this is the place to go.
Some people have suggested using boasting the shuttles external fuel tanks into
orbit and using them as habitat. The missions planned to mars have some nice
ideas as
well.
**********************************************************************************
Other links
http://www.deepcold.com/ space craft never had the "Right Stuff"
http://www.imax.com/films/distribution/L5.html Imax movie "L5: FIRST CITY IN
SPACE"
http://www.nsseducationchapter.org/ L5 stuff - design of cites in
space
http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/HOME.html
"RADIANCE is UNIX/linux freeware for lighting design and rendering"
http://www.motherearthnews.com/ The best down to earth magazine in the us/canada
**********************************************************************************
My own views on the matter of space access and habitat.
Those who build the launch vehicles and the ideology
that goes with it will decide the architectural design.
With out a lower cost sustainable ,3rd world accessible 1980's technology with
2000's design globally planned unmanned reusable launch vehicle the 250-750kg
payload range; I don't see real growth into space.
This could be upgraded to about 1500 kg for liquid or bulk material.
I picked such a small size vehicle because it seems to me this size of craft
could be owned and operated by small family groups and communities around the
world. As a low
profit design this will not be competed with by the Large profit making
companies. This would
permit more individual freedom to design and live in space. A lot of things
people want to
do in space could be limited by political and economic gains.
For Example: When was the last time you had input for a personal computer meets
your personal expectations rather than what the software company thinks what is
best for you
and their shareholders? The same could be true in space.
Sustainable and Humane and Companionship would be the best ideologies , Rather
then the Mass market quick $, instant gratification and "We are Better than you"
viewpoints that could prevail.
I see it being very hard not to have ones lifestyle ruled by the economic
conditions of the very powerful, in this case the people who provide access into
space.
After Food and Companionship our environment says a lot about our human
character
.
In space our environment depends on the building materials and design of the
buildings them selves . Who provides the accesses into space defines what
materials and
design's into space.
The current space ideology "Bigger is better" or "We know best" if you take a
look at the
current space station and past history. Space hotels and missions to other
planets are designed to be "Monolithic" with do it big concept because we can
only
afford the largest throw away rockets. Architectural Designs would have fit into
their
compartments and be bolted together in space. Only now after 40 years are we are
thinking of building the
designs that would put man in space, that could have been done in the 60's to
70's.
My own design would have space complexes designed from raw stock
with a low profit space craft. A person who has seen "Repair" be outlawed from
all hi-tech stuff.Radios,Tv's computers this MUST not happen in space, all
things must
be reparable. Methane?/lox for chemical fuel and isp of 350.
Space plane design with single pilot craft that would launch plane to a
high altitude near the speed of sound. While not very profitable it would be
sustainable on earth. On say Mars it would be both. With only the ability to
provide raw materials for space it would require architectural designs that
could be
built in space. Other wise space could be profitable only in terms of $$$ rather
than a
step in mankind's evolution. A space hotel will be designed as a space hotel,
after 10 years it falls to earth and we build a bigger one. You can't move it to
mars
or use it as a food storage area, because is monolithically designed only for
one job.
Designs into space can be well done providing they are flexible and provide lots
of user
input.
As a person who lives in a apartment in a rather dead community I am handicapped
for social activities( I don't drive) and work at home , I tend to be alone in
my cave.
Fancy cave with heat,computers and running water. I can see my handicap
magnified
several fold in space .The traditional social things that bind people together
religion ,
nationality , Color can't be called to bind people together, but will rather
pull people apart. The architecture needs to be of a design that brings people
together
easily and defocus problems. So far all the space construction I have seen does
not take into
account social and animal requirements of man, as well of that of nature. If we
don't bring
nature into space who will?
Now where was that bio-dome link. The experiment to live sustained for a year
in a completely enclosed environment.I think they are on their 3rd atempt by
now.
I hope you can find it cause at the moment I can't.
************************************************************************************
The real way to put a man into space.
Put a Man in space with space suit and screwdriver after borrowing
two old Gemini rockets and capsules from NASA. While you haggle for that
build a reusable rocket with a payload of 750 kg. Send up a few payloads
of 750 kg of raw stock to build a low pressure plastic? work area.
Send up our guy in the Gemini. When in orbit collect all the building material
since the reusable rockets use the Gemini's upgraded computer to fly the dumb
rockets to a nice close space dock. Once all is done admire the view. The next
day in the
space suit start building the outer habitat shell. Put up "home in space" sign.
Keep sending up supplies and materials for a few days.
By now a Inner high pressure inside compartment is constructed and squeeze tubes
litter the gemini capsule. Well the next payload sent up is inflatable reentry
craft. After building all this the rockets sitting in orbit are disassembled
and put
in the reentry craft , and our guy in space is getting tired of the playboy
hidden
under the seat, once all the work is done. The next day or so has him building a
solar
energy collector. Well the weekend has come around and our guy gets sent up a
unexpected payload in the other Gemini His wife in a bright red space suit.
...
habitat details, Undefined but triple walled to permit repair with out a space
suit unless the outer most wall is damaged but only a air mask and warm
underwear.
Nitrogen pressurized walls to permit detection of damage to the structure by
loss of air
pressure or contamination of the vacuum. Wall materials hopefully last a long
time since no O2 or water vapor to rust out the structure. Habitat areas would
require more frequent repair.
[ outer shell - mildly air tight low pressure nitrogen - external joints]
[ vacuum insulation ]
[ inner structure and major supports - internal medium pressure nitrogen ]
primary shielding? Storage?
[ vacuum insulation ]
[ habitat area full pressure ]
**************************************************************************************************
Good luck finding your material.
Ben Franchuk (the lucky woodelf)
http://www.jetnet.ab.ca/users/bfranchuk/
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Subject: starship-design: FW: SpaceViews -- 1999 August 8
Date: Mon, 9 Aug 1999 21:22:56 -0500
-----Original Message-----
From: owner-spaceviews@wayback.com
[mailto:owner-spaceviews@wayback.com]On Behalf Of jeff@spaceviews.com
Sent: Sunday, August 08, 1999 10:46 AM
Subject: SpaceViews -- 1999 August 8
[ SpaceViews (tm) newsletter ]
[ see end of message for our NEW address to subscribe / unsubscribe ]
S P A C E V I E W S
Issue 1999.08.08
1999 August 8
http://www.spaceviews.com/1999/0808/
*** News ***
House Delays Consideration of NASA Budget
DS1 Reveals Asteroid Origins
New Computer Installed on Mir
Britain Funds Mars Lander, Other Projects
Ariane Launch Delayed
Chandra Approaches Final Orbit
Human Error Blamed for Recent Launch and Satellite Accidents
Scientists Salvage Useful Data from Failed Satellite
SpaceViews Event Horizon
Other News
*** Articles ***
The Early Explorers
ADVERTISEMENT
*************************************************************
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* items on sale at Countdown Creations. *
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*************************************************************
*** News ***
House Delays Consideration of NASA Budget
NASA won a reprieve -- or perhaps a stay of execution -- this
week when Congress decided to delay consideration of a budget bill
until after an August recess.
The full House of Representatives was scheduled to debate and
vote this week on HR 2684, an appropriations bill for the Departments
of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development as well as
independent agencies. The bill had been approved by the House
Appropriations Committee July 30.
However, the House delayed consideration of the bill until
after its August recess, which begins August 6, out of consideration
for Rep. Alan Mollohan (D-WV), the ranking minority member of the
appropriations subcommittee responsible for the bill. Mollohan's
father passed away earlier in the week.
This means the bill will not be taken up by the full House
until they return from recess in September, giving lobbyists and
activists more time to call for the restoration of funds cut by the
current version of the bill, or to call for additional cuts.
HR 2684 would give NASA a budget of $12.7 billion in fiscal
year 2000, starting October 1 of this year. That would be $1 billion
below its current budget and $900 million below the original proposal
for FY 2000 submitted by President Clinton.
A House appropriations subcommittee slashed more than $1.3
billion from NASA's 2000 budget during a markup session July 26,
including a $640 million cut -- nearly 30 percent -- from the
agency's space science budget. The full appropriations subcommittee
restored $400 million to the space science budget in a July 30
hearing, but left other cuts intact.
Dan Goldin, NASA administrator, claimed that the cuts would
force the agency to lay off or temporarily furlough workers, and
possibly close up to three NASA centers. The cuts would kill a
number of planetary and space science missions and could further
delay assembly of the International Space Station.
The cuts have mobilized grassroots activists, including
members of the National Space Society, the Planetary Society, and
other organizations, to contact Congress and call for restoration of
NASA funding. "Their strong response, demonstrating public support
for the planetary program, has helped influence Congress," claimed
Lou Friedman, executive director of the Planetary Society.
These organizations plans to keep the heat on during the
recess. "The message to Congress from The Planetary Society is 'No
more cuts to NASA, please vote against any bill that cuts the NASA
budget,'" the organization said in a statement.
The Senate has yet to act on any appropriations legislation
for NASA, and will not do so until after the August recess.
DS1 Reveals Asteroid Origins
While failing to return high-resolution images of asteroid
Braille, NASA's Deep Space 1 (DS1) spacecraft returned data of
arguably far greater value: clues to the origin of the asteroid.
Infrared spectra taken by an instrument on DS1 showed that
Braille very closely resembled the large main-belt asteroid Vesta,
and may well be a chunk of Vesta blown off in a collision millions of
years ago.
During a press conference August 3, mission scientists said
the spectra of Braille at near-infrared wavelengths closely matches
the spectra of not only Vesta itself, but meteorites on Earth that
have been linked to Vesta as well.
The findings were "astounding and surprising" said Robert
Nelson, project scientist. "It's truly exciting."
Another scientist involved with the mission, Larry Soderblom,
called the results a "scientific surprise." The comparison of the
spectra between tiny Braille and the far larger Vesta "is a
remarkably close match," he said.
Vesta is unique among the major asteroids in that it has a
surface of basaltic rock that appears to have formed from volcanic
activity early in its history. Hubble Space Telescope images have
shown evidence for a large impact basin on the asteroid.
Vesta's composition is closely matched by a fraction of the
meteorites found on the Earth, however, it is difficult to get
material off Vesta, located in the main asteroid belt, to the Earth.
The conundrum was solved earlier this decade when astronomers
discovered a group of small asteroids -- "chips" off Vesta --
trailing away from the asteroid to a gap in the asteroid belt caused
by a gravitational resonance with Jupiter. That resonance would be
able to fling asteroids that enter it into orbits that go through the
inner solar system.
That would explain Braille, which is in an eccentric orbit
that crosses the orbit of Mars. Scientists said the orbit will
gradually move closer to the Sun in the future, crossing the orbit of
the Earth in about 4,000 years.
Deputy mission manager Marc Rayman provided some insight into
why the spacecraft was unable to return closeup images of Braille, as
it passed 26 km (16 mi.) from the surface of the asteroid. When DS1
located the asteroid, it was some 400 km (250 mi.) off its predicted
position, because of uncertainties in the asteroid's orbit. The
spacecraft performed a course correction to move closer, and was able
to keep track of the asteroid until 70 minutes before closest
approach.
At that time DS1 switched to another navigation mode, but the
camera could not detect the asteroid, which was in shadow at the
time. The spacecraft used the older, but less accurate, navigation
data, leaving the camera pointed in the wrong direction.
As DS1 moved away, however, the asteroid was in sunlight
again and the infrared camera was able to take images from a range of
about 13,000 to 14,000 km (8,000 to 8,700 mi.), enough to show that
the asteroid has an oblong shape of 2.2 by 1 km (1.3 by 0.6 mi.)
However, Nelson said, the dozen spectra were the key data
obtained by the spacecraft. "Sometimes a spectrum is worth a
thousand pictures," he said.
New Computer Installed on Mir
The crew of the Russian space station Mir took advantage of a
shutdown of a guidance computer over the weekend to install a new
version of that computer, Russian officials said Monday, August 3.
The three-man crew on Mir had shut down their main guidance
computer when it malfunctioned on Friday, relying instead on a backup
system. Unlike past computer failures, the backup systems kept the
station properly aligned so that the solar panels on Mir could
generate power.
Turning off the main guidance computer, though, did shut off
power to some parts of the station, giving the crew a chance to do
maintenance activities not otherwise possible. That included
installing a new guidance computer sent to the station last month on
a Progress resupply spacecraft.
The new guidance computer is supposed to be less prone to
failures than the old system, meaning the station should be able to
maintain the proper attitude even when the current crew departs
August 28, leaving the station unoccupied.
If the station were to lose attitude control while
unoccupied, it would be difficult to restore control and make a
controlled deorbit of the station, planned for early 2000, unlikely.
Britain Funds Mars Lander, Other Projects
The decision announced this week by the British government to
partially fund a Mars lander is part of a larger effort to develop a
national "space strategy", the nation's science minister said.
Science Minister Lord Sainsbury announced August 3 a new
investment of #19.5 million (US$40.5 million) into several new space
projects, including #5 million (US$8.1 million) into the Beagle 2
Mars lander.
"The Beagle 2 Mars Lander is an exciting scientific mission
which will be a superb demonstration of the skill and creativity of
British science and engineering," Sainsbury said in a speech at the
national Science Museum.
The funds will be used to help develop the 60-kg (132-lb.)
lander, which will fly to Mars on the European Space Agency's Mars
Express orbiter spacecraft in 2003. The lander will separate from
Mars Express shortly before arrival and land on the planet.
Once there, a camera on the lander will return images from
the surface, while a robot arm gathers rock and soil samples from
around the lander. Instruments on the lander will look for evidence
of organic material, water, or minerals that may be evidence of past
or present life.
The #5 million announced by the British government is only a
fraction of the #25 million needed to build the lander. The
remainder of the funds will come from a public/private partnership
project officials are working to put together. "The signal Lord
Sainsbury has sent today is that the government's behind us," said
Beagle 2 lead scientist Colin Pillinger of Open University. "This
gives us the chance to go to others and say 'will you commit?'"
The funding announcement for Beagle 2 was just part of a
larger space strategy Sainsbury unveiled. The "UK Space Strategy
1999-2001" maps out several broad objectives for the country's space
program: help industry with business opportunities, develop
innovative technologies, support earth and space science, and improve
communications with the public.
Support for commercial endeavors was at the forefront of the
new strategy. "Commercial markets for satellite communications and
navigation are estimated to reach $150 billion per year by 2010," he
noted. To that end, most of the additional government investment in
space programs, #10.5 million (US$17 million), will go to an ESA
program to develop advanced telecommunications technologies.
An additional #4 million (US$6.5 million) will be used to
fund the National Space Technology Program, an effort to develop new
spacecraft technologies, such as advanced thrusters under development
by Matra Marconi.
Overall funding for British space efforts, which includes
space-related funding from a number of government departments, is
expected to total at least #180 million (US$291 million) a year for
the next three years.
Ariane Launch Delayed
The first Ariane launch in over four months will be delayed
several more days to replace an electrical system on the booster,
Arianespace announced late Tuesday, August 3.
An Ariane 42P was scheduled for launch Wednesday evening,
August 4, carrying the Indonesian Telekom 1 satellite into orbit.
Arianespace officials, however, decided to delay the launch less than
24 hours before the scheduled liftoff time when an electrical anomaly
was discovered in a third-stage engine for another Ariane booster
being tested in France.
As a precaution, launch officials decided to replace the
electrical system for the Ariane 4 currently on the pad. Arianespace
reported Thursday, August 5 that the launch had beed pushed back to
the evening of August 12.
The last Ariane launch was more than four months ago, when an
Ariane 4 launched an Indian communications and weather satellite on
April 2. Launches planned since then have been pushed back not
because of booster problems but by delays in the delivery of the
satellites to be launched on the boosters. Only one other Ariane
launch has occurred in 1999, in February.
Last month Ariane announced an aggressive new launch schedule
that called for eight launches of Ariane 4 and 5 boosters from the
beginning of August through the end of the year, to partially make up
for the delay. This delay to replace the Ariane's electrical system
should only have a small affect on the schedule.
Chandra Approaches Final Orbit
A successful thruster burn Wednesday afternoon, August 4,
brought the Chandra X-Ray Observatory close to its final elliptical
orbit around the Earth, project officials reported.
The five-minute burn by Chandra's Integral Propulsion System,
starting at 12:36 pm EDT (1636 UT), raised the perigee, or lowest
point, of Chandra's orbit by about 2,210 km (1,370 mi.) to 5,690 km
(3,530 mi.) The apogee of Chandra's orbit remained virtually
unchanged at 139,125 km (86,400 mi.).
The successful firing also allayed concerns about the
telescope's thrusters, which were raised when a thruster burn on
Saturday, July 31 raised Chandra's apogee to about 139,100 km (86,380
mi.), 900 km (560 mi.) lower than planned.
"While the propulsion system performed within specifications
and has delivered us to a completely acceptable apogee altitude, the
performance of Chandra's engine number 3 was slightly below
expectations," said program manager Fred Wojtalik.
To prevent any possible future problems from the thruster,
telescope controllers switched to a redundant set of thrusters, which
were used for Wednesday's burn. Because of the switch in thrusters
and time needed to reconfigure systems, the burn was pushed back from
early Monday, August 2, to Wednesday afternoon.
"Initial indications are that today's firing went very well,"
Wojtalik said. A fifth and final thruster burn took place on
Saturday, August 7.
Chandra, launched by the shuttle Columbia on July 23, was
placed in an initial elliptical orbit by an Inertial Upper Stage.
The telescope has since used its own onboard thrusters to place it in
its final orbit, planned to be 10,000 by 140,000 km (6,200 by 86,940
mi.) The slightly lower apogee Chandra currently has should not pose
a problem to the mission, officials said.
Chandra is in such a highly elliptical orbit, which takes it
a third of the way to the Moon, to keep the telescope out of the
Earth's radiation belts for as long as possible in each orbit.
The instruments on board the telescope are being turned on
and checked out while Chandra's orbit is tweaked. That process has
been proceeding smoothly, Wojtalik said.
Human Error Blamed for Recent Launch and Satellite Accidents
Human error has been fingered as the root cause of both a
Titan 4 launch accident in April and a Global Positions System (GPS)
satellite that was damaged by rainwater in May, separate Air Force
investigations concluded last month.
One investigation found that improperly developed and tested
software caused the failure of a Centaur upper stage during an April
30 launch of a Milstar satellite. The software caused the Centaur
upper stage to lose all attitude control.
In an attempt to regain attitude control, the Centaur used up
all its hydrazine propellant used for its reaction control thrusters.
As a result, the upper stage and the Milstar satellite were stranded
in a low, useless orbit.
The findings confirmed earlier speculation that the problem
was caused by the control system of the Centaur and was not related
to its main engines. The Centaur uses a version of the Pratt and
Whitney RL-10 engine that apparently exploded during a Delta 3 launch
just 4 days later.
A separate investigation looked into how rainwater managed to
damage a GPS satellite on a Cape Canaveral launch pad in early May.
The satellite was atop its Delta 2 booster on the launch pad,
surrounded by the "White Room", a mobile structure that allows
technicians access to the satellite during launch preparations, when
a strong thunderstorm hit.
The rainwater entered the White Room through a small leak in
the roof, and then pooled on a waterproof rain shroud hastily put
into place over the satellite. The shroud could not support the
weight of the water, however, and collapsed, allowing water to spill
into the open satellite and damage it.
Investigators found that technicians had not properly
assembled the shroud, taping together pieces on only one side of the
material and not both as required. The leak in the roof of the White
Room contributed to the damage, investigators said, but the fact that
the room was not watertight was previously known.
When the damage was discovered, the satellite has to be taken
back for repairs, which are estimated to cost $2.1 million. No new
launch date has been set for the satellite.
The accidents were two in a series of mishaps that stung the
launch industry earlier this year. Three days before the Titan
4/Centaur failure, a Lockheed Martin Athena 2 failed to place a
commercial remote sensing satellite into orbit when its nose cone
failed to detach, making the payload too heavy to reach orbit.
Another Titan 4 launch failed in early April when the Inertial Upper
Stage designed to place an early-warning satellite into its proper
orbit misfired. The results of that investigation have yet to be
released.
Scientists Salvage Useful Data from Failed Satellite
A spacecraft launched earlier this year and all but written
off as a total failure has yielded important new scientific data
after all, a University of California Berkeley scientist reported
last week.
Derek Buzasi, a research physicist at Berkeley's Space
Sciences Laboratory, managed to use a secondary instrument on the
Wide Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE) satellite to observe the
vibrations of another star for the first time.
Buzasi used the 5-cm (2-in.) star tracker on WIRE to perform
a month's worth of observations on the star Alpha Ursa Major, or
Dubhe, and for the first time recorded the star's internal
vibrations.
The star tracker was not designed for scientific observations
but rather to make sure WIRE was pointed in the proper direction for
its main instrument, an infrared camera mounted on a 30-cm (12-inch)
telescope.
However, an electronics glitch shortly after launch
jettisoned the spacecraft's sunshade prematurely. The solid hydrogen
on WIRE, designed to keep the instrument cool, sublimated and vented
into space, spinning up the spacecraft. By the time WIRE was brought
back under control, all the hydrogen had been lost, ending the main
scientific mission of the spacecraft before it could even begin.
Buzasi, however, saw an opportunity to use WIRE's star
tracker for extended observations of stars. He approached NASA and
received permission to use the star tracker. Buzasi was the only
user of the spacecraft except for engineers conducting a series of
tests that have since concluded.
"It's a really nice instrument," Buzasi said. "I was lucky
that WIRE retained the full capability of the star tracker and that
the CCD camera attached to it is better than most star trackers need.
And WIRE points amazingly well."
Buzasi observed Dubhe for a month, looking for minute
variations in its brightness that would be caused by stellar
vibrations similar to ones seen in our own Sun. Because the periodic
fluctuations in brightness are only about a thousandth the random
fluctuations caused by noise, he needed the long observing time to
detect the vibrations.
Such observations could be conducted on Earth, but the
extended period of time needed to conduct them makes them
impractical, given the high demand for telescope time. "A two-inch
aperture above the atmosphere can be better than ten meters below
it," Buzasi said.
The observations of Dubhe have already allowed Buzasi and
colleagues to measure the mass of the star -- 4.25 times the mass of
the Sun -- more accurately than other means. Later analysis should
provide insights into the interior structure of the star.
Buzasi, who has access to WIRE's star tracker until October,
plans to observe the nearby star Alpha Centauri to search for
vibrations there. "For us this is the most interesting star," said
Yale University's Pierre Demarque, a colleague of Buzasi. "We have
made lots of calculations about Alpha Centauri in hopes someday
someone would make these observations."
Two satellites, the French COROT and the Canadian MOST, are
in development to perform similar studies, but won't be launched
until 2001. "Derek has scooped both of them," Demarque said.
SpaceViews Event Horizon
August 11 Total solar eclipse visible in portions of Europe,
the Middle East, Pakistan, and India. (Partial
phases visible in other areas, including
northeastern North America.)
August 12 Ariane 4 launch of the Indonesian Telekom-1
communications satellite from Kourou, French Guiana
at 6:52 pm EDT (2252 UT)
August 12-15 Mars Society 1999 Conference, Boulder, CO
August 14 Galileo flyby of the Jovian moon Callisto
August 17 Delta 2 launch of four Globlastar satellites from
Cape Canaveral, Florida at 12:37 am EDT (0437 UT)
August 18 Cassini flyby of Earth
August 22 Global Positioning System (GPS) week number rollover
September 23-26 Space Frontier Conference 8, Los Angeles, CA
Other News
SETI@home Approaches One Million: The SETI@home project, where
people download screensavers to help process data collected in a
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) effort, has now
nearly one million users. During a Yahoo! chat July 30, project
director David Anderson and chief scientist Dan Wertheimer said that
almost 32 of 200 tapes, each holding 35 gigabytes (GB) of data, have
been processed since the project opened to the public in mid-May.
The number of people participating has surprised even the leaders of
the effort. "We thought 100,000 [people would sign up], 150,000 if
we were lucky," Anderson said.
Io's Brilliant Aurora: If an astronaut could survive the fierce
conditions on the surface of Io, the innermost of Jupiter's large
Galilean satellites, he or she would be dazzled by the brilliant
aurorae that would be visible. Scientists using Galileo data have
found that Io is surrounded by red, green, and blue aurorae as
electrons accelerated by Jupiter's powerful magnetic field collide
with the moon's tenuous atmosphere. The aurora in general tends to
fade when the Sun is eclipsed from view on Io by Jupiter, a sign that
the atmosphere partially cools and collapses during that time. The
blue portion of the aurora actually grows brighter, though, as it is
caused by collisions with sulfur dioxide molecules emitted by
volcanic eruptions that are unaffected by the eclipse.
Asteroid Families: Groups, or "families", of asteroids that travel in
similar orbits usually have similar compositions, and thus are likely
remnants of a larger asteroid, an MIT researcher has found. Schelte
Bus measured the spectra of over 1,000 asteroids, including those in
over a dozen families, and found that in nearly all cases the members
of the families had similar compositions. "What this tells us is
that collisions are an important mechanism in the evolution of the
asteroid belt," Bus said. "Sometimes these collisions are powerful
enough to result in a catastrophic disruption, where the asteroid is
totally fragmented. This leaves families -- fragments of the original
parent asteroid -- traveling in similar orbits."
New Uranian Moons: For the second time this year, astronomers have
discovered new moons around the planet Uranus. An international team
of astronomers found two small moons orbiting the planet in mid-July.
This brings the total number of moons orbiting the planet to 20, more
than any other planet. Astronomers found two moons orbiting the
planet in 1997 and discovered another earlier this year in old
Voyager 2 images taken during a 1986 flyby of the planet. These five
moons are the only new moons to have been discovered around another
planet in the 1990s, although moons have been found around at least
two asteroids.
Antarctica and Europa: Continued study of Lake Vostok, a large lake
buried beneath the ice of Antarctica, may help scientists better
understand the ice-covered oceans which are believed to exist on the
Jovian moon Europa and which may harbor life, scientists concluded in
an NSF report released last week. Lake Vostok, about the size of the
Great Lakes' Lake Ontario, is buried under 4 km (2.4 mi.) of ice and
is thought to be a good terrestrial analog of the ice-covered oceans
thought to exist on Europa. Scientists have proposed future
exploration of the lake, including drilling into the lake to retrieve
samples, as a way of learning more about the lake and learning how to
conduct future exploration of Europa.
Briefly: Want some stardust? Buy a diamond, advises a University of
Massachusetts geoscientist. In a paper in the August 6 issue of
Science, Stephen Haggerty concludes that the carbon found in diamonds
comes directly from supernova explosions, and is not the result of
organic material exposed to the extreme heat and pressures within the
Earth, as previously believed. The age of the carbon found in
diamonds and the similarity of carbon isotope ratios in diamonds with
those in meteorites led him to his conclusion... Professional
athletes often sign contracts that prevent them from taking part in
risky sports or other activities. Soccer player Stefan Schwarz,
though, might the first pro athlete whose contract bans him from
space travel. The English Sunderland soccer club added that proviso
to his contract in a recent trade after they heard that one of the
player's advisers had signed up for an unspecified commercial space
flight in 2002 and might bring the player along. "At the end of the
day we are protecting the club, really," club chief executive John
Fickling told the BBC. "It was a little bit of a light-hearted moment
during protracted negotiations. But one day it could become be quite
acceptable to put such clauses in various contracts."
*** Articles ***
The Early Explorers
by Andrew J. LePage
Introduction
In the chaos that swept the United States after the launching
of the first Soviet Sputniks, a variety of satellite programs was
sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) to supplement (and in
some cases supplant) the country's flagging "official" satellite
program, Vanguard. One of the stronger programs was sponsored by the
ABMA (Army Ballistic Missile Agency) with its engineering team lead
by the German rocket expert, Wernher von Braun. Using the Juno I
launch vehicle, the ABMA team launched America's first satellite,
Explorer 1, which was built by Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
(JPL) (see "Explorer: America's First Satellite" in the February
1998 issue of SpaceViews).
While these first satellites returned a wealth of new data,
they were limited by the tiny 11 kilogram (25 pound) payload
capability of the Juno I. In order to orbit larger payloads carrying
a larger range of instrumentation, von Braun's team developed the
Juno II. While the Juno I upper stage cluster of solid rocket motors
was retained, the Juno II used a modified Jupiter IRBM instead of the
smaller modified Redstone as a first stage. This new combination was
first used to launch the Pioneer 3 and 4 lunar probes in December
1958 and March 1959 (see "Shooting for the Moon" in the January 1,
1999 issue of SpaceViews).
ABMA planners started working with JPL under the aegis of
ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) to develop new and larger
satellites to fly on the Juno II. But long before the first of these
new satellites was even launched, political decisions changed the
landscape of America's fledging space program. With the formation of
NASA in October of 1958, all ARPA-sponsored space science satellite
programs were transferred to the new space agency. Among these
programs were the next generation of Explorer satellites the ABMA was
planning.
The First New Explorers
The first of the new series of larger Explorer satellites was
the 39.7 kilogram (87.5 pound) satellite NASA designated as S-1.
Built by JPL, the spin stabilized S-1 consisted of a pair of
fiberglass cones joined at their bases with a diameter and height of
76 centimeters each. The scientific payload consisted of instruments
to study cosmic rays, solar X-ray and ultraviolet emissions,
micrometeorites, as well as the globe's heat balance. This was all
powered by a bank of 15 nickel-cadmium batteries recharged by 3,000
solar cells mounted on the satellite's exterior. This advanced
payload was equipped with a timer to turn itself off after a year in
orbit.
Explorer S-1 was launched from Cape Canaveral on July 16,
1959 on Juno II Round AM-16. Immediately upon launch an electrical
problem in the Jupiter first stage doomed the mission to failure. In
one of the Cape's more spectacular early launch failures, the Range
Safety Officer detonated the rocket's destruct package 5.5 seconds
after launch after the rocket had pitched over towards the ground.
But as the ABMA team was preparing their next Juno II for
launch, another unrelated Explorer satellite would attempt to reach
orbit. This satellite, called S-2, was originally a joint USAF-ARPA
project to launch a sophisticated probe into a very elongated orbit
to study the Earth's newly discovered Van Allen radiation belts. S-2
would study this region in more detail than the Pioneer probes that
first traversed it. Like the USAF-ARPA lunar Pioneer program, S-2
was transferred to NASA shortly after it was founded with the USAF
officially relegated to an advisory role.
The S-2 payload was arguably one of the most advanced
satellites ever constructed up to that time. Built by STL (Space
Technology Laboratory) like the USAF Pioneer orbiters (see "Operation
Mona: America's First Moon Program" in the April 1998 issue of
SpaceViews), the satellite was a 64 kilogram (142 pound) spheroid
with a diameter of 66 centimeters (26 inches) and a height of 74
centimeters (29 inches). The spin stabilized satellite used four
extendable solar "paddles" to power its array of onboard equipment.
The impressive array of instruments was designed to study
various types of trapped radiation, galactic cosmic rays,
geomagnetism, radio propagation and micrometeorites. Also carried
was a TV line scanner similar to that flown on the USAF Pioneers
designed to produce crude images of the Earth from orbit. These TV
signals were transmitted back to Earth along with digital data from
other instruments using a UHF transmitter that operated for a few
hours a day. A pair of continuously operating VHF transmitters
returned a constant stream of analog instrument data. The S-2
payload would be sent into its elongated 12-hour hour orbit using the
USAF Thor-Able - the same launch vehicle unsuccessfully used to send
the USAF Pioneers to the Moon.
Thankfully, S-2 would have better luck than the Pioneers
orbiters. On August 7, 1959 (40 years ago this month) Thor-Able 3
successfully placed S-2, now officially designated Explorer 6, into a
245 kilometer (152 miles) by 42,400 kilometer (26,343 mile) orbit
inclined 47 degrees to the equator. The only major problem occurred
when one of the four solar paddles failed to fully extend resulting
in the new satellite generating only 63% of nominal power. This
amount gradually decreased through the mission and affected the
quality of the transmitted signal especially near apogee.
Despite its initial problems, Explorer 6 was a spectacular
success. It returned the first crude images of the Earth from orbit.
It also supplied a wealth of fresh data on the radiation and magnetic
environment of near-Earth space. On September 11 one of the two VHF
transmitters failed and contact was finally lost on October 6 when
the power levels fell below the minimum the satellite needed to
operate. In total, Explorer 6 returned 23 hours of digital data and
827 hours of data in analog form. Experience from the design of the
successful and innovative Explorer 6 would be used by STL engineers
for later Pioneer lunar and interplanetary probes.
Success for ABMA
With Explorer 6 in orbit, the ABMA team was ready for another
launch attempt. Juno II Round AM-19B carried a USAF-developed
payload called Beacon. This was a 12 kilogram (26 pound) balloon
designed to inflate to 3.7 meters (12 feet) across once in orbit. It
was meant to study the properties of the upper atmosphere from orbit.
A malfunction in the rocket's guidance system shortly after launch on
August 14, 1959 (40 years ago this month) prevented Beacon from
reaching orbit.
Undeterred, von Braun's team studied the causes of the Juno
II failures and made corrections for the launch of the next satellite
designated S-1a on Round AM-19A. Payload S-1A weighed 41.9 kilograms
(92.3 pounds) and was a slightly improved version of the ill fated
S-1. But unlike S-1, S-1a was successfully launched into a 557
kilometer (346 mile) by 1,069 kilometer (664 mile) orbit inclined
50.3 degrees to officially become Explorer 7. NASA's newest Explorer
returned much new information on the spatial and temporal structure
of the inner edge of the Van Allen radiation belts that complimented
earlier data and that taken concurrently by later satellites.
Explorer 7 returned continuous real-time data through February 1961
and then intermittently until August 24 of that year.
Next up was payload S-46. This 10.2 kilogram (22.5 pound)
cylindrical satellite was 18 centimeters (7 inches) in diameter and
53 centimeters (21 inches) long. Similar in design and mission to
the earlier Explorer satellites launched by the Juno I, S-46 carried
instruments to study the Earth's radiation belts. But unlike its
earlier siblings, S-46 also carried four banks of solar cells mounted
on a rectangular box to recharge its batteries for up to one year.
By using the more powerful Juno II, this new payload could survey the
Van Allen belts from a more highly elongated orbit that was designed
to survey its breadth. The new payload mounted atop of Juno II Round
AM-19C was launched on March 23, 1960 but all telemetry was lost
shortly after first stage burn out. The Juno II had failed again.
The next attempt by ABMA to launch a JPL-built Explorer came
later that year. Payload S-30 was similar in shape and design to the
earlier S-46-series satellites except it did not carry solar cells
and had a life of only 1.5 months. Weighing in at 40.26 kilogram
(88.65 pounds), this satellite was designed to make in situ
measurements of upper atmospheric properties such as electron
density, temperature, composition and how they vary with time and
altitude. The solar cells were excluded from this payload because
asymmetric charging on the cell surfaces would produce electric
fields that could affect experiment results. Three different sensors
to measure micrometeorites were also carried.
This new payload was successfully launched into a 459 by
2,289 kilometers (285 by 1,423 mile) orbit on Juno II Round AM-19D on
November 3, 1960. As expected, Explorer 8 operated until December 28
when its batteries were finally exhausted. During its useful life,
Explorer 8 returned a large volume of data but unfortunately there
were problems processing the raw telemetry into usable measurement.
Because of these problems, most of the data had to be processed by
hand. Nonetheless many important new observations were made
including the discovery of a helium layer in the ionosphere.
The Last Flights of the Juno II
From the start NASA policymakers knew that the Juno II was
only a stopgap measure. Kludged together from a variety of
preexisting hardware, the Juno II was hardly an optimum design for
the task of satellite launches. And its high failure rate only
underscored the need for a replacement. By the end of 1960, the all
solid-rocket motor Scout had already started test flights. Promising
lower costs and better reliability, the Scout was designed to launch
small Explorer-class payloads into low orbits and would gradually
replace Juno II in that role during 1961. Larger payloads to be
launched into distant Earth orbits would use a highly upgraded
version of the Thor Able called the Thor Delta (later know as just
Delta). But in the mean time the remaining Juno II rounds had
payloads to launch.
The next payload ready for launch was S-45. It was similar
to the proven design of Explorers 7 and 8 and weighed 34.1 kilograms
(75.0 pounds). This solar-powered satellite would transmit low
power, phase-coherent signals at six different frequencies between 20
and 960 MHz which would be monitored by ground stations. This
allowed scientists to determine many key parameters of Earth's
ionosphere. On February 24, 1961 what would have become Explorer 10
(Explorer 9 was successfully launched on a Scout eight days earlier)
was launched on Round AM-19F. Unfortunately a malfunction prevented
the last two stages from igniting and S-45 failed to reach orbit.
Unlike the earlier Explorers, payload S-15 observed the
heavens making it the first astronomical satellite. This satellite
consisted of an octagonal box 31 centimeters (12 inches) across and
59 centimeters (23 inches) long mounted on top of a 52 centimeter (20
inches) long cylinder with a diameter of 15 centimeters (6 inches).
The principle instrument was designed to detect gamma rays with an
energy greater than 50 Mev over a field of view of five degrees. The
spin of the satellite in orbit would allow this directional detector
to scan most of the celestial sphere with emphasis along the galactic
plane. The satellite would also measure the Earth's reflectivity to
gamma rays. This 43.2 kilogram (95.1 pound) satellite had a life
expectancy of four months due to the deleterious effects of radiation
on the solar cells mounted on the exterior of the box.
Launched on April 27, 1961, S-15 became Explorer 11 when
Round AM-19E sent it into a 497 by 1,793 kilometer (309 by 1,114
mile) orbit. Despite the loss of its tape recorder, Explorer 11 was
able to return a large amount of real-time data during its
unexpectedly long 224 day life. One of the more important findings
was the lack of evidence to support steady state cosmology. This
theory proposed that new matter was being continuously created to
fill the expanding Universe. This process should have generated a
gamma ray signature that Explorer 11 could detect. Their absence was
a boost for the popular alternative theory called the Big Bang.
The last payload that Juno II launched was S-45a.
Essentially a duplicate of the unsuccessful S-45, the last ABMA-JPL
Explorer lifted off on Round AM-19G on May 24, 1961. But failure
struck again when a malfunction during second stage ignition doomed
the mission. With this anticlimactic finale, the Juno II was quietly
retired after ten launches. While the Juno II had its problems, it
did successfully launch three satellites and one lunar probe that
added immensely to the first steps in the exploration of space.
Bibliography
Josef Boehm, Hans J. Fichtner, and Otto A. Hoberg, "Explorer
Satellites Launched by Juno 1 and Juno 2 Space Carrier Vehicles", in
Aeronautical Engineering and Science, Ernst Stuhlinger, Frederick I.
Ordway III, Jerry C. McCall, and George C. Bucher (editors), pp.
218-239, McGraw-Hill, 1963
Ray V. Hembree, Charles A. Lundquist, and Arthur W. Thompson,
"Scientific Results from Juno-Launched Spacecraft", in Aeronautical
Engineering and Science, Ernst Stuhlinger, Frederick I. Ordway III,
Jerry C. McCall, and George C. Bucher (editors), pp. 281-297,
McGraw-Hill, 1963
Bill Yenne, The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft, Exeter Books, 1985
Major NASA Launches, PMS 031 (KSC), NASA, December 1989
--
Drew LePage is a physicist and freelance writer specializing in
astronomy and the history of spaceflight. He can be reached at
lepage@visidyne.com.
========
This has been the August 8, 1999, issue of SpaceViews.
SpaceViews is also available on the World Wide web from the
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Date: Tue, 10 Aug 1999 20:58:04 -0500
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Try the links to the papers on this page.
http://www.physik.tu-berlin.de/~bgoeksel/propulsion/propul2.html
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Subject: starship-design: starship design--propulsion link
Date: Wed, 11 Aug 1999 09:30:26 -0700
I inadvertently deleted the last message sent that
included a link to a german server with documents
on propulsion....could someone please send that
link again?
Thanks,
Fred Reyes
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Subject: starship-design: starship design--propulsion link
Date: Wed, 11 Aug 1999 10:07:36 -0700
Thanks for the link....however...every time I try
it it gives me an error.....any ideas?
Fred
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Subject: Re: starship-design: starship design--propulsion link
Date: Wed, 11 Aug 1999 19:50:03 +0200 (MET DST)
> From owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu Wed Aug 11 19:06:35 1999
> Reply-To: Fred Reyes <reyesfred@xoommail.com>
>
> Thanks for the link....however...every time I try
> it it gives me an error.....any ideas?
>
None...
I have tried several versions, then finally
come to the http://www.physik.tu-berlin.de/ site.
Search on this site (with the search form included)
returned four pages of Berkant Goeksel </~bgoeksel/>,
but every one of them gives an error (either "not found",
or "you dont't have permission to access...").
Ask Parker, who sent this link to the list...
-- Zenon Kulpa
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Subject: starship-design: Broken link
Date: Wed, 11 Aug 1999 15:22:03 -0500
I have tried the link again myself and find it non-functional. I have
appended most of the relevant links on the page below:
GRAVITATIONAL ENGINEERING PAGE http://home.att.net/~kfbrown/
A possibility of emission of high frequency gravitational radiation from
d-wave to s-wave type superconductor junctions
http://alpha.science.unitn.it/~fontana/spsj.html
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, abstract
gr-qc/9512027 http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/gr-qc?9512027
The two most interesting papers were unfortunately on the German site. They
were from Petkov and presented some rather fascinating treatments of the
origin of mass and inertia. I have both pdf files downloaded to my system,
if anyone wants copies please email me directly and I will forward them -
Steve would not like me sending attachments of this size through his mail
server <G>.
Lee Parker
================,,,=========================
===============(o o)========================
===========oOO==(_)==OOo====================
lparker@cacaphony.net
===========ooooO==Ooooo=====================
===========( )==( )=====================
============\ (====) /======================
=============\_)==(_/=======================
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-----Original Message-----
From: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
[mailto:owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu]On Behalf Of L. Parker
Sent: Tuesday, August 10, 1999 8:58 PM
To: Starship-Design (E-mail)
Subject: starship-design: Advanced Field Propulsion Physics
Try the links to the papers on this page.
http://www.physik.tu-berlin.de/~bgoeksel/propulsion/propul2.html
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To: "Starship-Design (E-mail)" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: starship-design: FW: found cached page at google.com
Date: Wed, 11 Aug 1999 15:27:03 -0500
Kevin asked me to forward this to the list, he found a portion of the
missing pages...
-----Original Message-----
From: Kevin Houston [mailto:khouston@vistamn.com]
Sent: Wednesday, August 11, 1999 2:53 PM
To: 'L Clayton Parker'
Subject: found cached page at google.com
Lee,
I'm not at my home computer, could you forward this to the list?
if you click on this link, you will get a copy of the page when it was
archived by google.
http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:49425652&dq=cache:www.physik.tu-berlin.
de/~bgoeksel/propulsion/propul2.html
some of the pdf links are still active
http://www.physik.tu-berlin.de/~bgoeksel/propulsion/petkov1.pdf
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To: "Starship-Design (E-mail)" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: starship-design: Another missing link
Date: Wed, 11 Aug 1999 16:29:35 -0500
If you use the cached page to get to the one in Germany, you will discover
that the following link is also broken:
Dr. Bernhard Haisch (Lockheed Martin, Palo Alto, CA) Advances in the
Proposed Electromagnetic Zero-Point Field Theory of Inertia. AIAA-98-3143.
(zpf_ipc.pdf <http://www.jse.com/haisch/zpf_jpc.pdf>)
It is now found at:
http://www.jse.com/haisch/zpf_jpc98.pdf
You may also want to look at the rest of the articles available from
Haisch's site:
http://www.jse.com/haisch/zpf.html
http://www.jse.com/haisch/astrophysics.html
Lee Parker
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Subject: starship-design: starship design webpage
Date: Fri, 13 Aug 1999 10:40:36 -0700
Thanks for all the info....any news on the webpage
for starhip design...what is the sites address?
Fred
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Subject: Re: starship-design: starship design webpage
Date: Fri, 13 Aug 1999 17:45:08 EDT
In a message dated 8/13/99 12:41:46 PM, reyesfred@xoommail.com writes:
>Thanks for all the info....any news on the webpage
>for starhip design...what is the sites address?
>
>Fred
http://metalab.unc.edu/lunar/school/InterStellar/SSD_index.html
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Subject: starship-design: Storing hydrogen
Date: Sun, 15 Aug 1999 13:56:25 +0100
Hi all,
Hydrogen could be used for fusion, but its storage is a bit awkward. New
technologies may make this easier:
http://www.spacedaily.com/spacecast/news/fuel-99a.html
Timothy
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Bonjour =E0 tout le monde!
Je suis un =E9tudiant passionn=E9 d' astronomie qui est sorti du lyc=E9e =
cette ann=E9e. J'ai publi=E9 en occasion de l' examen d' Etat un site =
autour de trous noirs.=20
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Hi all!
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Subject: starship-design: solar wind plasma sail
Date: Mon, 16 Aug 1999 23:17:27 -0700 (PDT)
Here's an article from the USENET sci.space.news group on a
spacecraft propulsion system that will use a plasma-based
magnetic field generator to allow a spacecraft to be accelerated
by the solar wind.
From: Andrew Yee <ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca>
Subject: New spacecraft propulsion method could be out of this solar system
(Forwarded)
Newsgroups: sci.space.news
Followup-To: sci.space.policy
Date: Mon, 16 Aug 1999 21:00:28 -0400
Organization: via Internet Direct
Reply-To: ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca
University of Washington
FROM: Vince Stricherz, 205-543-2580, vinces@u.washington.edu
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: Aug. 16, 1999
New spacecraft propulsion method could be out of this solar system
It sounds like a "droid" straight out of Star Wars. That's not a coincidence
because a new propulsion system dubbed M2P2 can greatly boost spacecraft
speeds, perhaps to 10 times the velocity of the space shuttle, University of
Washington scientists believe.
NASA's Institute for Advanced Concepts last week awarded a two-year,
$500,000 grant to a UW team headed by geophysicist Robert Winglee to
continue research on Mini-Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion. If laboratory
work and tests in space succeed, he hopes in 10 years to launch an
M2P2-equipped spacecraft that would become the first from Earth to
leave the Solar System.
That would be quite a feat, considering the craft would have to overtake
Voyager I, launched in 1977 and now about 6.8 billion miles away but still
within the solar system.
Winglee, an associate geophysics professor, has been working on M2P2 the
last nine months with geophysics professor George Parks and John Slough,
a research associate professor of aeronautics and astronautics. They are
developing a prototype and are preparing for tests in the UW's Redmond
Plasma Physics Laboratory.
Their system would use a plasma chamber about the size of a large pickle
jar, perhaps 10 inches by 10 inches, attached to a spacecraft. Solar cells
and solenoid coils would power the creation of a dense magnetized plasma,
or ionized gas, that would inflate an electromagnetic field 10 to 12 miles
in radius around the spacecraft. The field would interact with and be
dragged by the solar wind.
Creating the field would be akin to raising a giant sail and harnessing the
solar wind, which moves at 780,000 to 1.8 million miles an hour -- or
"here to Washington, D.C., in 10 seconds," Winglee said. There is enough
power in the solar wind to move a 300-pound spacecraft at speeds up to
180,000 miles per hour or 4.3 million miles a day. By contrast, the space
shuttle travels at about 18,000 miles per hour or 430,000 miles a day.
At such speeds, an M2P2-equipped spacecraft launched today could
overtake Voyager I within eight years, despite Voyager's 22-year head
start.
The idea for M2P2 grew from the study of plasma jets forming around
young stars, and was formalized in a $75,000 startup grant from the
NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts.
The system has built-in advantages over solar sails, which are very large,
thin sheets of reflective material such as Mylar that can turn sunlight
into a propelling force. Solar sails are typically many times larger than
the spacecraft they propel and must be deployed mechanically. The M2P2
plasma chamber is far lighter and less bulky than sails. Just a few
kilowatts of power would support the magnetic field and only about
100 pounds of additional propellant would be required. Adding the device
to a spacecraft might cost $1 million, but it would provide substantial
cost savings for the overall mission and would provide easier access to
the planets and beyond, Winglee said.
M2P2 could be a major advancement in space travel, but it might be too
tame for two generations that have grown up with science-fiction
adventures such as Star Trek and Star Wars.
"It's amazing how many people say, 'That's not fast enough,'" Winglee said.
"People want to go to warp drive so they can get to the next solar system."
However, Star Trek's warp drive and the hyperdrive propulsion from Star
Wars, both of which can exceed light speed (186,000 miles per second in
a vacuum), are not possible under the current understanding of the laws
of physics.
For now, at least, plasma propulsion could prove to be the best option
to the science fiction propulsion systems. If tests on M2P2 succeed,
Winglee expects the system's first use in space will come on a mission
NASA already will have scheduled.
"If it works, we'll have some real fun then," he said.
###
For more information, contact:
Winglee at (206) 685-8160 or winglee@geophys.washington.edu
Parks at (206) 543-0953 or parks@geophys.washington.edu
Slough at (425) 881-7706 slough@aa.washington.edu
Additional information is available via the Internet at
http://www.geophys.washington.edu/Space/SpaceModel/M2P2/
--
Andrew Yee
ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca
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Subject: starship-design: Discrete Approaches to Quantum Gravity in Four Dimensions
Date: Tue, 17 Aug 1999 18:20:15 -0500
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If you are interested in gravity research, don't miss this paper. It is
very thorough...
Lee Parker
http://www.livingreviews.org/Articles/Volume1/1998-13loll/index.html
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Subject: starship-design: Date: Wed, 18 Aug 1999 13:11:29 +0200
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Hi all!=20
En attendant vos messages, je vous a' visiter mon site sur les trous =
noirs a' l' adresse: http://web.tiscalinet.it/buchineri.
Je serai tres content de recevoir vos impressions.
=20
Navigate into my website:http://web.tiscalinet.it/buchineri. about =
Blackholes and send me your opinions.
=20
Mauro
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<HEAD>
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<BODY bgColor=3D#ffffff>
<DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=3D"" size=3D3></FONT><FONT color=3D#000000 size=3D2>Hi =
all!=20
</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D#000000 size=3D2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=3D"" size=3D3>En attendant vos messages, je vous a' =
visiter mon site=20
sur les trous noirs a' l' adresse: <A=20
href=3D"http://web.tiscalinet.it/buchineri">http://web.tiscalinet.it/buch=
ineri.</A></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D#000000 face=3D"" size=3D3>Je serai tres content de =
recevoir vos=20
impressions.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D#000000 face=3D"" size=3D3></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=3D2>Navigate into my website:<A=20
href=3D"http://web.tiscalinet.it/buchineri">http://web.tiscalinet.it/buch=
ineri.</A>=20
about Blackholes and send me your opinions.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=3D"" size=3D3></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D#000000 =
size=3D2>Mauro</FONT></DIV></DIV></BODY></HTML>
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Subject: starship-design: Fw: Mystery Object in Space Confounds Astronomers (Fwd)
Date: Wed, 18 Aug 1999 17:23:07 -0500
Observer <observer@tin.it> wrote in message
news:<7pe354$m6k$1@nnrp1.deja.com>...
> New York Times / By John Noble Wilford - August 17 1999
>
> Mystery object radiating deep in northern sky is no normal star, they
> say.
>
> Astronomers have an unyielding mystery on their hands, something they
> have observed and pondered for three years, a point of light deep in
> the northern sky that appears to be like nothing seen before.
> This may turn out to be only a curiosity, an odd variation of a
> familiar phenomenon, or it may be the first evidence of some
> unsuspected object with reverberating theoretical implications.
>
> The mystery object has so far confounded astronomers because they
> cannot decipher the language of its light. Usually, by breaking down
> the spectrum of light into its component elements and charting the
> spikes and dips on a graph, astronomers can identify and describe an
> object within minutes.
>
> In this case, however, astronomers are finding nothing familiar about
> the light spectrum, a couple of Everests representing emissions from
> the object surrounded by lower peaks and broad valleys of heavy
> elements that blot out the true contours of the object's nature. "I've
> never seen a spectrum anything like this, and I take spectra for a
> living,'' said S. George Djorgovski, an astronomer at the California
> Institute of Technology who is the leader of the sky survey that
> detected the mystery object.
>
> Whatever the astronomers are seeing, it is probably not a star, at
> least not any normal star. The light signature of stars is much simpler
> than this object's. Nor is it a distant galaxy, which would have much
> different light patterns.
>
> With little evidence and even less conviction, some astronomers
> speculate that the object is a quasar, one of the sources of tremendous
> energies at the farthest reaches of the universe where the enormous
> gravitational power of black holes presumably gobbles up surrounding
> matter. If it is a quasar, it must be a rare kind beyond current
> understanding.
>
> "It doesn't look like a quasar to my eye, but I may be wrong,'' said
> Dr. Wallace Sargent, a Caltech astronomer and quasar specialist, who is
> also director of Palomar Observatory in Southern California, where the
> discovery was made. So if it is not a normal star, galaxy or strange
> quasar, astronomers say, the most intriguing possibility is that the
> mystery object is announcing the existence of an entirely new cosmic
> phenomenon.
>
> "But we must do everything to rule out the known before we postulate
> that we have discovered something really and truly new,'' Djorgovski
> said.
>
> Djorgovski and his team -- Dr. Stephen Odewahn, Dr. Robert Brunner and
> Roy Gal, a graduate student -- examined the object's light spectrum.
> Some of the lines of emissions, especially the two Everest spikes,
> looked too sharp to be from a quasar. They combed the star catalogs and
> published research papers but found nothing like it.
>
> A search in the archives of X-ray and infrared surveys failed to show
> anything in those wavelengths at the location where the object's
> visible light was detected. Radio antennas of the Very Large Array in
> New Mexico scanned the same patch of sky. They picked up only weak
> radio emissions from the region; many quasars have proved to be "radio
> loud.''
>
> "This was the first one of something new, and a complete mystery to
> us,'' Djorgovski said.
>
> The next step for Djorgovski's team was to photograph the object again
> and again. Some aspects of the spectrum reminded them of a supernova a
> few days after the explosion. But in the pictures, the light from the
> object did not die down, as it would as a supernova faded.
>
> Other examinations ruled out the possibility that the object was an
> aging white dwarf star, where strong magnetic fields had distorted
> normal spectral lines. Comparisons with all other examples of peculiar
> stars also failed to suggest a solution.
>
> It is not even clear from the spectrum whether the object is extremely
> far away or relatively close by. Distances are estimated by the shift
> of light to the red end of the spectrum, a sign of the object's
> velocity as it recedes from the observer in the expanding universe.
>
> In a presentation at the June meeting of the American Astronomical
> Society in Chicago, Djorgovski issued a challenge to all colleagues to
> help solve the mystery.
>
> "We may find it's a sub-sub-subspecies of quasars for which there may
> be only one example,'' he said in an interview. Or it could be
> something entirely new. "We can't think we have discovered all the
> kinds of things there are out there,'' he added.
>
>
> Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
> Share what you know. Learn what you don't.
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Subject: starship-design: Astronomers Baffled by Space Light
Date: Wed, 18 Aug 1999 17:35:18 -0500
Astronomers Baffled by Space Light
By MATTHEW FORDAHL AP Science Writer
LOS ANGELES (AP) - An arsenal of analytic tools used to figure out the
makeup and distance of stars and galaxies has failed to unlock the secrets
of a mysterious celestial light detected three years ago.
``It's fairly uncommon to stumble on something you don't have a clue
about,'' astronomer S. George Djorgovski said Tuesday. ``It certainly hasn't
happened to me, and I've been doing this for many years.''
Djorgovski was part of the team at Caltech's Palomar Observatory that
detected the object, a pinpoint of light, during a digital survey of the
northern sky.
It remains one of the biggest mysteries uncovered by the Digital Palomar Sky
Survey. The survey, which has collected information on more than 50 million
galaxies and about 2 billion stars, is about two-thirds complete.
Some astronomers believe the object may be a new class of quasar, sources of
energy found in the center of galaxies and believed to be powered by matter
falling into massive black holes.
``This sort of looks a little like them, but not quite. The similarity may
be superficial,'' Djorgovski said. ``That's the closest thing we have found
in all the astronomical literature.''
Usually, astronomers are able to determine an object's composition and
distance by breaking down and analyzing its light. But the mystery object's
spectrum does not fit any of the known patterns, Djorgovski said.
Light also usually holds clues about an object's distance. But because
graphs derived from the light do not match anything known, researchers
aren't sure whether it is inside or outside the Milky Way galaxy.
Repeated photographs revealed no changes in its appearance, ruling out the
possibility that it's an exploding star or supernova.
Djorgovski challenged fellow astronomers to help explain his discovery at
the June meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Chicago. So far,
nobody has produced an adequate explanation.
``We probably have looked at the spectra of several thousand quasars, and
this just doesn't seem to fit,'' said David Crampton, an astronomer with the
National Research Council of Canada. ``It didn't ring any bells.''
The next step will be to analyze the object's infrared spectrum, something
Djorgovski hopes to do next month at the Keck Observatory in Hawaii.
Researchers also hope that the Hubble Space Telescope might someday be
pointed at the object, which is located in the constellation Serpens.
``But it's very competitive to get time on the Hubble, and they don't like
fishing expeditions,'' he said.
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To: "Starship-Design (E-mail)" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: starship-design: Mysterious light leaves astronomers in the dark
Date: Wed, 18 Aug 1999 19:12:11 -0500
Mysterious light leaves astronomers in the dark
BY JOHN NOBLE WILFORD
New York Times
Every night at their telescopes, astronomers invite the universe to a battle
of wits. Surprise us, they say, with some teasing wink of light, some few
cryptic clues to something unfamiliar and, better yet, an implied challenge
to a cherished theory. In most cases, astronomers boast, we will have it
figured out by dawn.
Now astronomers have an unyielding mystery on their hands, something they
have observed and pondered for three years, a point of light deep in the
northern sky that appears to be like nothing seen before.
This may turn out to be only a curiosity, an odd variation of a familiar
phenomenon, or it may be the first evidence of some unsuspected object with
reverberating theoretical implications -- similar in that sense to the
recent detection of planets around other stars.
No clues from spectrum
The mystery object has so far confounded astronomers because they cannot
decipher the language of its light. Usually, by breaking down the spectrum
of light into its component elements and charting the spikes and dips on a
graph, astronomers can identify and describe an object within minutes.
In this case, however, astronomers are finding nothing familiar about the
light spectrum, a couple of Everests representing emissions from the object
surrounded by lower peaks and broad valleys of heavy elements that blot out
the true contours of the object's nature. They are beginning to sympathize
with archaeologists who sought to read Egyptian hieroglyphics without the
Rosetta Stone.
``I've never seen a spectrum anything like this, and I take spectra for a
living,'' said S. George Djorgovski, an astronomer at the California
Institute of Technology who is the leader of the sky survey that detected
the mystery object.
Whatever the astronomers are seeing, it is probably not a star, at least not
any normal star. The light signature of stars is much simpler than this
object's. Nor is it a distant galaxy, which would have much different light
patterns.
With little evidence and even less conviction, some astronomers speculate
that the object is a quasar, one of the sources of tremendous energies at
the farthest reaches of the universe where the enormous gravitational power
of black holes presumably gobbles up surrounding matter. If it is a quasar,
it must be a rare kind beyond current understanding.
``It doesn't look like a quasar to my eye, but I may be wrong,'' said
Wallace Sargent, a Caltech astronomer and quasar specialist, who is also
director of the Palomar Observatory in Southern California, where the
discovery was made.
So if it is not a normal star, galaxy or strange quasar, astronomers say,
the most intriguing possibility is that the mystery object is announcing the
existence of an entirely new cosmic phenomenon.
``But we must do everything to rule out the known before we postulate that
we have discovered something really and truly new,'' Djorgovski said.
New discoveries ahead
Mystification is likely to be a more common experience in astronomy as more
powerful telescopes and instruments with improved sensitivity are used for
systematic probes deeper into the universe and over broader stretches of
sky.
Several comprehensive sky surveys under way or just beginning are expected
to discover many rare or even previously unknown types of astronomical
objects and forces.
Exploring the entire northern sky in different color filters, for example,
the Digital Palomar Sky Survey, now nearing completion, has collected data
on more than 50 million galaxies and about 2 billion stars. The census has
identified more than 70 quasars at such great distances that they are being
seen at a time when the universe was less than 10 percent of its present
age.
One surprising discovery was a star like light several hundred times
brighter than the galaxy with which it was associated. Astronomers are not
sure, but they suspect they were seeing the after-effects of a gamma-ray
burst, the most powerful events in the universe today.
First detected in the 1960s, gamma-ray bursts are examples of an
astronomical mystery that is only now being solved.
Isolating rare points
For the survey, astronomers devised computer programs to sift through
processed photographs for star like objects, then distinguish the stars from
galaxies and isolate rare points of light that are not immediately
recognizable. This was how the new mystery object showed up.
Djorgovski and his team examined the object's light spectrum. Some of the
lines of emissions, especially the two Everest spikes, looked too sharp to
be from a quasar. They combed the star catalogs and published research
papers, but found nothing like it.
A search in the archives of X-ray and infrared surveys failed to show
anything in those wavelengths at the location where the object's visible
light was detected.
``This was the first one of something new, and a complete mystery to us,''
Djorgovski said.
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We design and manufacture submersibles for the ocean science industries. We =
also sell designs, parts, and provide technical assistance to the homebuilt =
market. We would like to have a link to our web site included in your page. =
Please E-Mail us with your thoughts.=0D
Charles Frazier=0D
alola@worldnet.att.net=0D
Our URL is http://home.att.net/~alola=0D
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thoughts.</FONT></DIV>=0D
<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2>Charles Frazier</FONT></DIV>=0D
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["5522" "Thursday" "19" "August" "1999" "18:39:50" "+1000" "Adam Crowl" "ajcrowlx2@ozemail.com.au" nil "134" "Re: starship-design: Mysterious light leaves astronomers in the dark" "^From:" nil nil "8" nil "starship-design: Mysterious light leaves astronomers in the dark" nil nil nil]
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To: "L. Parker" <lparker@cacaphony.net>
Cc: "starship design" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: Re: starship-design: Mysterious light leaves astronomers in the dark
Date: Thu, 19 Aug 1999 18:39:50 +1000
It's a starship at relativistic speeds!!! A REALLY BIG One.
maybe
Adam
----- Original Message -----
From: L. Parker <lparker@cacaphony.net>
To: Starship-Design (E-mail) <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Sent: Thursday, August 19, 1999 10:12 AM
Subject: starship-design: Mysterious light leaves astronomers in the dark
>
> Mysterious light leaves astronomers in the dark
>
> BY JOHN NOBLE WILFORD
> New York Times
>
> Every night at their telescopes, astronomers invite the universe to a
battle
> of wits. Surprise us, they say, with some teasing wink of light, some few
> cryptic clues to something unfamiliar and, better yet, an implied
challenge
> to a cherished theory. In most cases, astronomers boast, we will have it
> figured out by dawn.
>
> Now astronomers have an unyielding mystery on their hands, something they
> have observed and pondered for three years, a point of light deep in the
> northern sky that appears to be like nothing seen before.
>
> This may turn out to be only a curiosity, an odd variation of a familiar
> phenomenon, or it may be the first evidence of some unsuspected object
with
> reverberating theoretical implications -- similar in that sense to the
> recent detection of planets around other stars.
>
>
> No clues from spectrum
>
> The mystery object has so far confounded astronomers because they cannot
> decipher the language of its light. Usually, by breaking down the spectrum
> of light into its component elements and charting the spikes and dips on a
> graph, astronomers can identify and describe an object within minutes.
>
> In this case, however, astronomers are finding nothing familiar about the
> light spectrum, a couple of Everests representing emissions from the
object
> surrounded by lower peaks and broad valleys of heavy elements that blot
out
> the true contours of the object's nature. They are beginning to sympathize
> with archaeologists who sought to read Egyptian hieroglyphics without the
> Rosetta Stone.
>
> ``I've never seen a spectrum anything like this, and I take spectra for a
> living,'' said S. George Djorgovski, an astronomer at the California
> Institute of Technology who is the leader of the sky survey that detected
> the mystery object.
>
> Whatever the astronomers are seeing, it is probably not a star, at least
not
> any normal star. The light signature of stars is much simpler than this
> object's. Nor is it a distant galaxy, which would have much different
light
> patterns.
>
> With little evidence and even less conviction, some astronomers speculate
> that the object is a quasar, one of the sources of tremendous energies at
> the farthest reaches of the universe where the enormous gravitational
power
> of black holes presumably gobbles up surrounding matter. If it is a
quasar,
> it must be a rare kind beyond current understanding.
>
> ``It doesn't look like a quasar to my eye, but I may be wrong,'' said
> Wallace Sargent, a Caltech astronomer and quasar specialist, who is also
> director of the Palomar Observatory in Southern California, where the
> discovery was made.
> So if it is not a normal star, galaxy or strange quasar, astronomers say,
> the most intriguing possibility is that the mystery object is announcing
the
> existence of an entirely new cosmic phenomenon.
>
> ``But we must do everything to rule out the known before we postulate that
> we have discovered something really and truly new,'' Djorgovski said.
>
>
> New discoveries ahead
>
> Mystification is likely to be a more common experience in astronomy as
more
> powerful telescopes and instruments with improved sensitivity are used for
> systematic probes deeper into the universe and over broader stretches of
> sky.
> Several comprehensive sky surveys under way or just beginning are expected
> to discover many rare or even previously unknown types of astronomical
> objects and forces.
> Exploring the entire northern sky in different color filters, for example,
> the Digital Palomar Sky Survey, now nearing completion, has collected data
> on more than 50 million galaxies and about 2 billion stars. The census has
> identified more than 70 quasars at such great distances that they are
being
> seen at a time when the universe was less than 10 percent of its present
> age.
>
> One surprising discovery was a star like light several hundred times
> brighter than the galaxy with which it was associated. Astronomers are not
> sure, but they suspect they were seeing the after-effects of a gamma-ray
> burst, the most powerful events in the universe today.
> First detected in the 1960s, gamma-ray bursts are examples of an
> astronomical mystery that is only now being solved.
>
>
> Isolating rare points
>
> For the survey, astronomers devised computer programs to sift through
> processed photographs for star like objects, then distinguish the stars
from
> galaxies and isolate rare points of light that are not immediately
> recognizable. This was how the new mystery object showed up.
>
> Djorgovski and his team examined the object's light spectrum. Some of the
> lines of emissions, especially the two Everest spikes, looked too sharp to
> be from a quasar. They combed the star catalogs and published research
> papers, but found nothing like it.
>
> A search in the archives of X-ray and infrared surveys failed to show
> anything in those wavelengths at the location where the object's visible
> light was detected.
>
> ``This was the first one of something new, and a complete mystery to us,''
> Djorgovski said.
>
>
>
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Subject: starship-design: plasma sources
Date: Thu, 19 Aug 1999 08:56:15 -0700
I would greatly appreciate it if anyone can give me a list of ways to
convert plain ordinary air into plasma. It does not have to be really high
temperature originally, I can take care of that myself. However, the power
required to convert air into plasma has to be kept as low as possible. If
it is not possible to convert regular air, some alternatives would be nice.
Thank you,
Fred Reyes
______________________________
How to find me:
AOLIM: Warlord400
Personal Site:
http://www.go.to/fredreyes
______________________________________________________
Get your free web-based email at http://www.xoom.com
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To: Fred Reyes <reyesfred@xoommail.com>
cc: starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
Subject: Re: starship-design: plasma sources
Date: Thu, 19 Aug 1999 09:48:16 -0700 (PDT)
Fred,
I'm no expert on plasma physics, but here are some ways that
immediately spring to mind:
1) Spark gap + RF heating of the air. Plasmas couple very well to
RF, and most of the energy gets turned into heat.
2)High temp combustion + RF. Sometime, bend a toothpick so that
it stands with one end pointing up, light that end, and put it in your
microwave. I think they're kind of pretty. Also, the Oxy-Acetylene
reaction is the hottest type of combustion I know of, at a few thousand
degrees, Kind of dangerous stuff though.
3) In general, the more rarified the air, the lower the
temperature required for ionization. Maybe run the air though a throat at
high speeed.
On Thu, 19 Aug 1999, Fred Reyes wrote:
> I would greatly appreciate it if anyone can give me a list of ways to
> convert plain ordinary air into plasma. It does not have to be really high
> temperature originally, I can take care of that myself. However, the power
> required to convert air into plasma has to be kept as low as possible. If
> it is not possible to convert regular air, some alternatives would be nice.
>
> Thank you,
> Fred Reyes
>
>
>
> ______________________________
> How to find me:
> AOLIM: Warlord400
> Personal Site:
> http://www.go.to/fredreyes
>
> ______________________________________________________
> Get your free web-based email at http://www.xoom.com
> Birthday? Anniversary? Send FREE animated greeting
> cards for any occasion at http://greetings.xoom.com
>
>
>
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["2244" "Thursday" "19" "August" "1999" "15:16:10" "-0400" "Curtis L. Manges" "clmanges@worldnet.att.net" nil "53" "Re: starship-design: plasma sources" "^From:" nil nil "8" nil "starship-design: plasma sources" nil nil nil]
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From: "Curtis L. Manges" <clmanges@worldnet.att.net>
Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: "starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>,
reyesfred@xoomail.com
Subject: Re: starship-design: plasma sources
Date: Thu, 19 Aug 1999 15:16:10 -0400
The hottest thing I recall seeing was a plasma torch, used to cut heavy stainless
steel plate. It used three kinds of gas, and I'm not positive what they were; I
think one was inert (argon most likely) and another might have been nitrogen (!).
This thing used a large welding machine for a power supply, likely pulling from
300 to 600 amps, and the welding arc created the plasma. Again, I'm uncertain,
but I'd guess at nozzle temps above 7000° F. Ceramic nozzle, water-cooled head
assembly. Call a welding supply shop for details. Oh, and get some good ear
protectors; these things make a hellish racket. Hope this helps you.
Curtis
"N. Lindberg" wrote:
> Fred,
> I'm no expert on plasma physics, but here are some ways that
> immediately spring to mind:
> 1) Spark gap + RF heating of the air. Plasmas couple very well to
> RF, and most of the energy gets turned into heat.
> 2)High temp combustion + RF. Sometime, bend a toothpick so that
> it stands with one end pointing up, light that end, and put it in your
> microwave. I think they're kind of pretty. Also, the Oxy-Acetylene
> reaction is the hottest type of combustion I know of, at a few thousand
> degrees, Kind of dangerous stuff though.
> 3) In general, the more rarified the air, the lower the
> temperature required for ionization. Maybe run the air though a throat at
> high speeed.
>
> On Thu, 19 Aug 1999, Fred Reyes wrote:
>
> > I would greatly appreciate it if anyone can give me a list of ways to
> > convert plain ordinary air into plasma. It does not have to be really high
> > temperature originally, I can take care of that myself. However, the power
> > required to convert air into plasma has to be kept as low as possible. If
> > it is not possible to convert regular air, some alternatives would be nice.
> >
> > Thank you,
> > Fred Reyes
> >
> >
> >
> > ______________________________
> > How to find me:
> > AOLIM: Warlord400
> > Personal Site:
> > http://www.go.to/fredreyes
> >
> > ______________________________________________________
> > Get your free web-based email at http://www.xoom.com
> > Birthday? Anniversary? Send FREE animated greeting
> > cards for any occasion at http://greetings.xoom.com
> >
> >
> >
From VM Thu Aug 26 09:56:54 1999
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From: "N. Lindberg" <nlindber@u.washington.edu>
Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: "Curtis L. Manges" <clmanges@worldnet.att.net>
cc: "starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>,
reyesfred@xoomail.com
Subject: Re: starship-design: plasma sources
Date: Thu, 19 Aug 1999 12:33:06 -0700 (PDT)
Fred,
Do you mind if I ask what the application is? I'm always
interested to hear 'bout other list members' projects.
Best Regards,
Nels Lindberg
On Thu, 19 Aug 1999, Curtis L. Manges wrote:
> The hottest thing I recall seeing was a plasma torch, used to cut
> heavy stainless steel plate. It used three kinds of gas, and I'm not
> positive what they were; I think one was inert (argon most likely) and
> another might have been nitrogen (!). This thing used a large welding
> machine for a power supply, likely pulling from 300 to 600 amps, and
> the welding arc created the plasma. Again, I'm uncertain, but I'd
> guess at nozzle temps above 7000° F. Ceramic nozzle, water-cooled head
> assembly. Call a welding supply shop for details. Oh, and get some
> good ear protectors; these things make a hellish racket. Hope this
> helps you.
>
> Curtis
>
> "N. Lindberg" wrote:
>
> > Fred,
> > I'm no expert on plasma physics, but here are some ways that
> > immediately spring to mind:
> > 1) Spark gap + RF heating of the air. Plasmas couple very well to
> > RF, and most of the energy gets turned into heat.
> > 2)High temp combustion + RF. Sometime, bend a toothpick so that
> > it stands with one end pointing up, light that end, and put it in your
> > microwave. I think they're kind of pretty. Also, the Oxy-Acetylene
> > reaction is the hottest type of combustion I know of, at a few thousand
> > degrees, Kind of dangerous stuff though.
> > 3) In general, the more rarified the air, the lower the
> > temperature required for ionization. Maybe run the air though a throat at
> > high speeed.
> >
> > On Thu, 19 Aug 1999, Fred Reyes wrote:
> >
> > > I would greatly appreciate it if anyone can give me a list of ways to
> > > convert plain ordinary air into plasma. It does not have to be really high
> > > temperature originally, I can take care of that myself. However, the power
> > > required to convert air into plasma has to be kept as low as possible. If
> > > it is not possible to convert regular air, some alternatives would be nice.
> > >
> > > Thank you,
> > > Fred Reyes
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > ______________________________
> > > How to find me:
> > > AOLIM: Warlord400
> > > Personal Site:
> > > http://www.go.to/fredreyes
> > >
> > > ______________________________________________________
> > > Get your free web-based email at http://www.xoom.com
> > > Birthday? Anniversary? Send FREE animated greeting
> > > cards for any occasion at http://greetings.xoom.com
> > >
> > >
> > >
>
>
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Subject: Re: starship-design: plasma sources
Date: Thu, 19 Aug 1999 19:19:23 -0500
I tried the microwave method, and it's pretty cool, but I worry that it may
damage my 'wave. Isn't a plasma not very different from a piece of tinfoil
in this respect?
At 09:48 AM 8/19/99 -0700, N. Lindberg wrote:
>Fred,
> I'm no expert on plasma physics, but here are some ways that
>immediately spring to mind:
> 1) Spark gap + RF heating of the air. Plasmas couple very well to
>RF, and most of the energy gets turned into heat.
> 2)High temp combustion + RF. Sometime, bend a toothpick so that
>it stands with one end pointing up, light that end, and put it in your
>microwave. I think they're kind of pretty. Also, the Oxy-Acetylene
>reaction is the hottest type of combustion I know of, at a few thousand
>degrees, Kind of dangerous stuff though.
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To: Starship Design <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: Re: starship-design: plasma sources
Date: Thu, 19 Aug 1999 19:04:54 -0700 (PDT)
Kevin Houston <Kevin@urly-bird.com> wrote:
> I tried the microwave method, and it's pretty cool,
> but I worry that it may
> damage my 'wave. Isn't a plasma not very different
> from a piece of tinfoil
> in this respect?
Yeah... Good Question!
Especially when you live at your parent's place 8)
> At 09:48 AM 8/19/99 -0700, N. Lindberg wrote:
> >Fred,
> > I'm no expert on plasma physics, but here are some
> ways that
> >immediately spring to mind:
> > 1) Spark gap + RF heating of the air. Plasmas
> couple very well to
> >RF, and most of the energy gets turned into heat.
> > 2)High temp combustion + RF. Sometime, bend a
> toothpick so that
> >it stands with one end pointing up, light that end,
> and put it in your
> >microwave. I think they're kind of pretty. Also,
> the Oxy-Acetylene
> >reaction is the hottest type of combustion I know
> of, at a few thousand
> >degrees, Kind of dangerous stuff though.
Oxy-Acetylene is plasma???
Well, anyway, how energetic has the RF to be??(It'd be a cool
project... make your own plasma for less than 15 bucks(±))
And, how can you make the needed RFs(except than with a microwave 8)?
===
Vive le Québec libre... dé souverainistes!!!
__________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!?
Bid and sell for free at http://auctions.yahoo.com
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Subject: starship-design: Plasma Project and strange light
Date: Fri, 20 Aug 1999 06:30:54 -0700
Well I don't live at my parents home so I don't really have to worry about
the microwave. It was a cool thing to see. I have been trying to make my
own plasma container for under 100 bucks, but it seems to be a little
fruitless. I will continue to try, though. I think I will have to spend a
little more.....hehe. Any more ideas on the subject would be greatly
appreciated.
On a second note, I contacted Britt Scharringhausen from Cornell and asked
him about the mysterious light that was posted earlier. It seems that even
over the course of three years this thing has not moved enough to decide if
it is a ship at relativistic or FTL speeds. I had a thought that may seem
a little odd, but maybe feasible. Could it be we are seeing the first ever
spotted Wormhole?
Fred Reyes
______________________________
How to find me:
AOLIM: Warlord400
Personal Site:
http://www.go.to/fredreyes
______________________________________________________
Get your free web-based email at http://www.xoom.com
Birthday? Anniversary? Send FREE animated greeting
cards for any occasion at http://greetings.xoom.com
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Hi all!
I'm from Italy.I'm a student and i speak a little English. Can you send =
me one answer, please?: i don't remind the final calculation=20
(F=3D3x10^11 N) at my web page" Dentro il buco", about force of tide =
into a black hole.=20
If you want to give me a hand: http://web.tiscalinet.it/buchineri
E-mail: moonwalker@tiscalinet.it
many thanks!
Mauro.
------=_NextPart_000_003B_01BEEB27.34A91260
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<DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D#000000 size=3D2>Hi all!</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D#000000 size=3D2>I'm from Italy.I'm a student and i =
speak a=20
little English. Can you send me one answer, please?: i don't remind the =
final=20
calculation </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D#000000 size=3D2>(F=3D3x10^11 N) at my web page" =
<FONT=20
color=3D#0000ff>Dentro il buco</FONT>", about force of =
tide into=20
a black hole. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=3D#000000 size=3D2>If you want to give me a hand: <A=20
href=3D"http://web.tiscalinet.it/buchineri">http://web.tiscalinet.it/buch=
ineri</A></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=3D2>E-mail: <A=20
href=3D"mailto:moonwalker@tiscalinet.it">moonwalker@tiscalinet.it</A></FO=
NT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=3D2>many thanks!</FONT></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=3D2>Mauro.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=3D2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=3D2></FONT> </DIV></DIV></BODY></HTML>
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From: "N. Lindberg" <nlindber@u.washington.edu>
Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: Paul-V Khuong <paul_virak_khuong@yahoo.com>
cc: Starship Design <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: Re: starship-design: plasma sources
Date: Fri, 20 Aug 1999 07:39:47 -0700 (PDT)
On Thu, 19 Aug 1999, Paul-V Khuong wrote:
> Kevin Houston <Kevin@urly-bird.com> wrote:
> > I tried the microwave method, and it's pretty cool,
> > but I worry that it may
> > damage my 'wave. Isn't a plasma not very different
> > from a piece of tinfoil
> > in this respect?
> Yeah... Good Question!
> Especially when you live at your parent's place 8)
> > At 09:48 AM 8/19/99 -0700, N. Lindberg wrote:
> > >Fred,
> > > I'm no expert on plasma physics, but here are some
> > ways that
> > >immediately spring to mind:
> > > 1) Spark gap + RF heating of the air. Plasmas
> > couple very well to
> > >RF, and most of the energy gets turned into heat.
> > > 2)High temp combustion + RF. Sometime, bend a
> > toothpick so that
> > >it stands with one end pointing up, light that end,
> > and put it in your
> > >microwave. I think they're kind of pretty. Also,
> > the Oxy-Acetylene
> > >reaction is the hottest type of combustion I know
> > of, at a few thousand
> > >degrees, Kind of dangerous stuff though.
Paul,
I'm not really sure if Oxy-Acetylene is a plasma by any strict
definition. However, there is electron transfer occuring, and I wouldn't
be surprised if the part of the flame where actual combustion occurs
reacts to RF just like the toothpick. Maybe try making a coil attatched
to a transmitter and turn on the torch.
Nels
> Oxy-Acetylene is plasma???
> Well, anyway, how energetic has the RF to be??(It'd be a cool
> project... make your own plasma for less than 15 bucks(±))
> And, how can you make the needed RFs(except than with a microwave 8)?
> ===
> Vive le Québec libre... dé souverainistes!!!
>
> __________________________________________________
> Do You Yahoo!?
> Bid and sell for free at http://auctions.yahoo.com
>
>
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Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: "starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: Re: starship-design: plasma sources
Date: Fri, 20 Aug 1999 15:13:10 -0400
A couple more notes on this, esoteric, perhaps useful, perhaps not: (1)
flames do respond to electrical signals. At least as early as the 1960's,
there have been designs for loudspeakers which substituted a gas flame for
the coil and diaphragm of a typical loudspeaker; they required an additional
special amplifier and featured a pair of non-consumable electrodes
positioned in the flame. (2) RF transmitters can be quite simple in design,
and easy to build. I don't think you need much sophistication for this
experiment; just make sure the output either stays contained or meets FCC
regs.
Curtis
"N. Lindberg" wrote:
> On Thu, 19 Aug 1999, Paul-V Khuong wrote:
>
> > Kevin Houston <Kevin@urly-bird.com> wrote:
> > > I tried the microwave method, and it's pretty cool,
> > > but I worry that it may
> > > damage my 'wave. Isn't a plasma not very different
> > > from a piece of tinfoil
> > > in this respect?
> > Yeah... Good Question!
> > Especially when you live at your parent's place 8)
> > > At 09:48 AM 8/19/99 -0700, N. Lindberg wrote:
> > > >Fred,
> > > > I'm no expert on plasma physics, but here are some
> > > ways that
> > > >immediately spring to mind:
> > > > 1) Spark gap + RF heating of the air. Plasmas
> > > couple very well to
> > > >RF, and most of the energy gets turned into heat.
> > > > 2)High temp combustion + RF. Sometime, bend a
> > > toothpick so that
> > > >it stands with one end pointing up, light that end,
> > > and put it in your
> > > >microwave. I think they're kind of pretty. Also,
> > > the Oxy-Acetylene
> > > >reaction is the hottest type of combustion I know
> > > of, at a few thousand
> > > >degrees, Kind of dangerous stuff though.
>
> Paul,
> I'm not really sure if Oxy-Acetylene is a plasma by any strict
> definition. However, there is electron transfer occuring, and I wouldn't
> be surprised if the part of the flame where actual combustion occurs
> reacts to RF just like the toothpick. Maybe try making a coil attatched
> to a transmitter and turn on the torch.
> Nels
>
> > Oxy-Acetylene is plasma???
> > Well, anyway, how energetic has the RF to be??(It'd be a cool
> > project... make your own plasma for less than 15 bucks(±))
> > And, how can you make the needed RFs(except than with a microwave 8)?
> > ===
> > Vive le Québec libre... dé souverainistes!!!
> >
> > __________________________________________________
> > Do You Yahoo!?
> > Bid and sell for free at http://auctions.yahoo.com
> >
> >
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From: "L. Parker" <lparker@cacaphony.net>
Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: "'N. Lindberg'" <nlindber@u.washington.edu>,
"'Paul-V Khuong'" <paul_virak_khuong@yahoo.com>
Cc: "'Starship Design'" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: RE: starship-design: plasma sources
Date: Fri, 20 Aug 1999 16:23:19 -0500
Strictly speaking, oxy-acetylene (or any standard welding apparatus) is not
a plasma. There are, however, commercially available plasma torches. They
are quite expensive, but not as expensive as a commercial laser welder for
instance. A lot of work has gone on recently using RF heating as has been
previously mentioned. In fact, the only system that meets the definition of
high impulse and high thrust that is anywhere near operational testing is
based on RF heating (it is a huge microwave tube heating a standard
magnetically confined plasma). If you are experimenting on these lines, look
for information on VASIMR, however, I have found that a great deal of what
WAS posted on the web has been censored...and is no longer there!
Lee Parker
> -----Original Message-----
> From: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
> [mailto:owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu]On Behalf Of
> N. Lindberg
> Sent: Friday, August 20, 1999 9:40 AM
> To: Paul-V Khuong
> Cc: Starship Design
> Subject: Re: starship-design: plasma sources
>
>
>
> On Thu, 19 Aug 1999, Paul-V Khuong wrote:
>
> > Kevin Houston <Kevin@urly-bird.com> wrote:
> > > I tried the microwave method, and it's pretty cool,
> > > but I worry that it may
> > > damage my 'wave. Isn't a plasma not very different
> > > from a piece of tinfoil
> > > in this respect?
> > Yeah... Good Question!
> > Especially when you live at your parent's place 8)
> > > At 09:48 AM 8/19/99 -0700, N. Lindberg wrote:
> > > >Fred,
> > > > I'm no expert on plasma physics, but here are some
> > > ways that
> > > >immediately spring to mind:
> > > > 1) Spark gap + RF heating of the air. Plasmas
> > > couple very well to
> > > >RF, and most of the energy gets turned into heat.
> > > > 2)High temp combustion + RF. Sometime, bend a
> > > toothpick so that
> > > >it stands with one end pointing up, light that end,
> > > and put it in your
> > > >microwave. I think they're kind of pretty. Also,
> > > the Oxy-Acetylene
> > > >reaction is the hottest type of combustion I know
> > > of, at a few thousand
> > > >degrees, Kind of dangerous stuff though.
>
> Paul,
> I'm not really sure if Oxy-Acetylene is a plasma by any strict
> definition. However, there is electron transfer occuring, and
> I wouldn't
> be surprised if the part of the flame where actual combustion occurs
> reacts to RF just like the toothpick. Maybe try making a
> coil attatched
> to a transmitter and turn on the torch.
> Nels
>
> > Oxy-Acetylene is plasma???
> > Well, anyway, how energetic has the RF to be??(It'd be a cool
> > project... make your own plasma for less than 15 bucks(±))
> > And, how can you make the needed RFs(except than with a
> microwave 8)?
> > ===
> > Vive le Québec libre... dé souverainistes!!!
> >
> > __________________________________________________
> > Do You Yahoo!?
> > Bid and sell for free at http://auctions.yahoo.com
> >
> >
>
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Subject: starship-design: Fwd: ISO detects signal from dark matter in a galaxy similar to the Milky Way
Date: Sat, 21 Aug 1999 07:57:55 -0500
> ESA Science News
> http://sci.esa.int
>
> 17 Aug 1999
>
> ISO detects signal from dark matter in a galaxy similar to the Milky Way
>
> Galaxies are known to have much more matter than telescopes can currently
see.
> Up to 90% of the total mass of the galaxies is simply missing: it has to
be
> there, astronomers know, but it remains undetected. Is this so-called
'dark
> matter' made up of exotic, virtually undetectable particles, or is it
merely
> ordinary matter hidden to instruments for some reason? A new result
obtained by
> a Dutch team with the European Space Agency's infrared space telescope,
ISO,
> favours the last idea.
>
> They have detected in the disk of a galaxy the molecule of hydrogen,
considered
> an important component of the dark matter if it is of the normal, ordinary
type.
> Moreover, the molecular hydrogen is found precisely in the amount needed
to fill
> the missing-mass gap.
>
> "0ur results give a much stronger footing for the 'ordinary matter' simple
> solution of the dark matter problem, in the form of massive clouds in the
disks
> of galaxies", says the main author of the finding Edwin A. Valentijn, from
the
> Kapteyn Institute in Groningen (The Netherlands).
>
> Astronomers discovered the existence of the dark matter long ago, by
measuring
> the motion of the stars and gas in spiral galaxies: the velocity of this
motion
> corresponds to a certain amount of mass in the galaxy, and measurements
showed
> that the stars and the gas are moving too fast for the amount of mass
detected.
> Several hypotheses have been made to explain the nature of this missing
mass.
> While some consider it to be made of 'exotic' particles very difficult to
> detect, such as neutrinos, others point to ordinary matter -- 'baryonic
matter',
> in scientific terms -- which for some reason remains hidden.
>
> One of the findings helping to build the 'normal matter' explanation was
> obtained a decade ago by Valentijn himself. In 1989 he measured the
brightness
> of 2,500 spiral galaxies, to determine whether these objects were
transparent or
> opaque. Until then, most astronomers had assumed that spiral galaxies were
> basically transparent, this meaning that most light coming from the normal
> matter present would be freely emitted -- thus, the matter would be
bright. On
> the contrary, Valentijn found that spiral galaxies are heavily obscured by
their
> own interstellar dust. Could the dark matter, or at least part of it,
simply be
> the gas frequently associated with this interstellar dust?
>
> If that was the case, the gas had to be made up mostly of hydrogen in the
> molecular form. Hence,Valentijn and his co-author van der Werf started a
search
> for molecular hydrogen, which is extremely difficult to observe. Emission
from
> this molecule can only be detected with highly sensitive infrared
telescopes,
> and ESA's ISO has allowed the study of molecular hydrogen in unprecedented
detail.
>
> Using the spectrometer SWS on board ISO the Dutch team focused on a spiral
> galaxy called NGC 891, 30 million light-years away and very similar to our
own
> galaxy, the Milky Way. Measurements were made in 8 different positions in
the
> disk of NGC 891.
>
> "The surprise is that we detect molecular hydrogen everywhere where we
looked!
> Our team was the only one who thought the measurement was feasible, as no
other
> ISO-observations of this kind were programmed", Valentijn says.
>
> Moreover, the team found molecular hydrogen in the amount needed to
account for
> the missing mass. This is established as a value relative to the amount of
> hydrogen in the atomic form (one molecule of hydrogen is made of two atoms
of
> hydrogen). In NGC 891, Valentijn shows that there is 5 to 15 times more
> molecular than atomic hydrogen.
>
> As the Dutch astronomer explains, "it is well established that if there is
about
> 10 times as much molecular hydrogen as atomic hydrogen in the disks of
spiral
> galaxies, then the missing mass problem is resolved. In the case of NGC
891we
> find about 5-15 times as much molecular hydrogen as atomic hydrogen".
>
> Since NGC 891 is a rather common galaxy, it is "reasonable" -- the authors
say
> -- to expect the result to hold for other normal galaxies too. However,
the team
> warns that no other alternative dark matter model can be ruled out.
>
> According to Valentijn, "the problem is complex enough to avoid drawing
quick
> conclusions, and of course more observations should be made".
>
> The discovery has been accepted for publication in the Astrophysical
Journal Letters.
>
> FOOTNOTE ON ISO
>
> The European Space Agency's infrared space telescope, ISO, operated from
> November 1995 till May 1998, almost a year longer than expected. As an
> unprecedented observatory for infrared astronomy, able to examine cool and
> hidden places in the Universe, ISO successfully made nearly 30 000
scientific observations.
>
> FOR MORE INFORMATION AND ISO PICTURES
>
> ESA Public Relations Division
> Tel: +33(0)1.53.69.71.55, Fax: +33(0)1.53.69.76.90
>
> Martin F. Kessler (ISO Project Scientist)
> Tel: +34 918131254, mkessler@iso.vilspa.esa.es
>
> OTHER SCIENCE CONTACTS:
>
> Edwin Valentijn
> Kapteyn Institute
> Groningen (The Netherlands)
> valentyn@astro.rug.nl, Tel: +31 50 3634011
>
> Thijs de Graauw
> ISO SWS Principal Investigator
> Tel: +31-50-3634074, thijsdg@sron.rug.nl, Th.de.Graauw@sron.rug.nl
>
> USEFUL LINKS FOR THIS STORY
>
> ISO science web site
> http://isowww.estec.esa.nl
>
> NOAO images of NGC891
> http://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0002.html
>
> More about ISO
> http://sci.esa.int/iso
>
> ISO SWS page
> http://www.sron.rug.nl/iso/sws.html
>
> [NOTE: An image supporting this article is available at
> http://sci.esa.int/story.cfm?TypeID=1&ContentID=6311&Storytype=18]
If this is true, perhaps we can revive the interstellar ram jet idea...
Lee Parker
================,,,=========================
===============(o o)========================
===========oOO==(_)==OOo====================
lparker@cacaphony.net
===========ooooO==Ooooo=====================
===========( )==( )=====================
============\ (====) /======================
=============\_)==(_/=======================
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Subject: starship-design: Thermonuclear Fusion Propulsion
Date: Sat, 21 Aug 1999 08:29:54 -0500
For those who like the technical details, as well as a great basic
introduction to fusion propulsion in general, this is a more detailed page
at the same site:
http://infinity.msfc.nasa.gov/Public/ps01/fusion.html
Lee Parker
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Subject: starship-design: Plasma/Fusion Engines
Date: Sat, 21 Aug 1999 08:21:32 -0500
Here is a link to a plasma/fusion engine under development by NASA....
http://infinity.msfc.nasa.gov/Public/ps01/fusion_exp.html
Lee Parker
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Second page of the abstracts...
http://peaches.niac.usra.edu/studies/9802/slough.html
Lee Parker
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LOTS of abstracts on current propulsion and power research, including the
M2P2 paper and the EST paper...
http://peaches.niac.usra.edu/studies/9801/index.html
Lee Parker
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Link:
http://astro.caltech.edu/~george/dposs/pr.html
Lee Parker
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Hi all!
Can you send me
one answer, please?: i don't remind the final calculation
(F=3D3x10^11 N) at my web page" Dentro il buco", about tidal force into =
a
black hole.
http://web.tiscalinet.it/buchineri
E-mail: moonwalker@tiscalinet.it
many thanks!
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charset="iso-8859-1"
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<DIV><FONT size=3D2>Hi all!<BR>Can you send me<BR>one answer, please?: i =
don't=20
remind the final calculation<BR>(F=3D3x10^11 N) at my web page" Dentro =
il buco",=20
about tidal force into a<BR>black hole.<BR><A=20
href=3D"http://web.tiscalinet.it/buchineri">http://web.tiscalinet.it/buch=
ineri</A><BR>E-mail:=20
<A =
href=3D"mailto:moonwalker@tiscalinet.it">moonwalker@tiscalinet.it</A><BR>=
many=20
thanks!<BR><BR></FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>
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From VM Thu Aug 26 09:56:54 1999
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["379" "Monday" "23" "August" "1999" "23:43:08" "+0100" "Timothy van der Linden" "Shealiak@XS4ALL.nl" nil "12" "Re: starship-design: easy or no easy?" "^From:" nil nil "8" nil "starship-design: easy or no easy?" nil nil nil]
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To: starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
Subject: Re: starship-design: easy or no easy?
Date: Mon, 23 Aug 1999 23:43:08 +0100
Hello Im@x,
If you didn't know it yet, this mailing list is in English. I'd guess that
very few of the people subscribed are able to understand Italian. So it
might be a good idea to not point the members of the list to a site that
only supports the Italian language.
Repeating the message (3 times) will not make our understanding of Italian
any better.
Buon giorno,
Timothy
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Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: "starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: Re: starship-design: easy or no easy?
Date: Mon, 23 Aug 1999 17:53:27 -0600
Timothy van der Linden wrote:
>
> Hello Im@x,
>
> If you didn't know it yet, this mailing list is in English. I'd guess that
> very few of the people subscribed are able to understand Italian. So it
> might be a good idea to not point the members of the list to a site that
> only supports the Italian language.
> Repeating the message (3 times) will not make our understanding of Italian
> any better.
>
> Buon giorno,
>
> Timothy
Nor will responding back to a Italian in English be that wise?
Perhaps we need a few people to translate then or find a translation program on
the web
to translate on the fly, for the people that don't speak English. Good ideas
need not be hampered by language.
Ben.
--
-----------------------------------------------------------------
"Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler."
Albert Einstein
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To: <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: RE: starship-design: easy or no easy?
Date: Mon, 23 Aug 1999 21:27:41 -0500
AltaVista will translate for you...
Lee Parker
> -----Original Message-----
> From: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
> [mailto:owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu]On Behalf Of Ben
> Franchuk
> Sent: Monday, August 23, 1999 6:53 PM
> To: starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
> Subject: Re: starship-design: easy or no easy?
> Nor will responding back to a Italian in English be that wise?
> Perhaps we need a few people to translate then or find a
> translation program on
> the web
> to translate on the fly, for the people that don't speak
> English. Good ideas
> need not be hampered by language.
> Ben.
>
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["743" "Thursday" "26" "August" "1999" "09:29:08" "-0700" "Fred Reyes" "reyesfred@xoommail.com" nil "21" "starship-design: maser heating of plasma" "^From:" nil nil "8" nil "starship-design: maser heating of plasma" nil nil nil]
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To: starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
Subject: starship-design: maser heating of plasma
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 1999 09:29:08 -0700
Hello folks,
I was wondering, would a MASER be a good way to heat plasma? I know that
microwaves are sometimes used to pump energy into the secondary coil in
some tokamak designs, but it is never mentioned (at least not that I know
of) if it has been attempted with one or more masers. Anyone know how to
build a maser? My idea involves using the plasma as a sort of heat storage
battery. Any ideas?
Fred Reyes
______________________________
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To: reyesfred@xoommail.com, starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
Subject: Re: starship-design: maser heating of plasma
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 1999 22:16:41 EDT
In a message dated 8/26/99 11:30:27 AM, reyesfred@xoommail.com writes:
>Hello folks,
>I was wondering, would a MASER be a good way to heat plasma? I know that
>
>microwaves are sometimes used to pump energy into the secondary coil in
>
>some tokamak designs, but it is never mentioned (at least not that I know
>
>of) if it has been attempted with one or more masers. Anyone know how
>to
>build a maser? My idea involves using the plasma as a sort of heat storage
>
>battery. Any ideas?
>
>Fred Reyes
You could certainly heat plasma that way, but I can't see how you could store
heat that way?
Kelly
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To: starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
Subject: starship-design: URANOS Club Newsletter No. 3.
Date: Sat, 28 Aug 1999 21:49:17 +0200 (MET DST)
---------------------------------------------------------------
--> http://www.uranos.eu.org/ <--
* * **** *** * * *** ****
* * * * * * * * ** * * * * * *
* * * * * **** ***** * * * * * *** * * *
* * * * * * * * * ** * * * * *
*** * * * * * * *** ****
CLUB * for * EXPANSION * of * CIVILIZATION * into * SPACE
---------------------------------------------------------------
No. 3 URANOS CLUB NEWSLETTER 27.VIII.1999
This is the new issue of our irregularly published
electronic newsletter.
To receive further issues of this newsletter, please send
please send a letter stating so to the address:
<uranos@uranos.eu.org>
---------------------------------------------------------------
Changes to the URANOS site:
---------------------------
- The Club website is now accessible at two addresses -
the old one ( http://www.uranos.eu.org/ ), and a new one,
with Polish domain ( http://www.uranos.org.pl/ ).
It makes us more visible to Polish web indexes.
The old address now automatically directs the incoming
access requests to the English version of the site,
while the new one accesses the Polish version first.
Of course, once at the site, you may switch freely between
both versions of all bilingual pages.
- We have extended the site significantly with new sections
"Poland and Poles in space exploration" and "Mars exploration".
- The new Polish section contains:
-- information about Polish space research institutions
(research institutes, university faculties, astronomical
observatories, planetariums) - addresses (postal and
electronic), phone numbers, links to WWW sites;
-- information about Polish organizations related to
space exploration - addresses (postal and electronic),
phone numbers, links to WWW sites, publications;
-- a list of space objects with names of Polish origin;
-- information about Polish scientists who made significant
contributions to space exploration - short biographical
notes like that found on the main explorers page;
-- information about Polish cosmonauts and astronauts.
- The section on Mars exploration initiates a new large
section "The Settler's Guide to the Solar System",
and includes:
-- general astronomical and physical data on Mars,
with a short commentary;
-- an extensive list of links to the most interesting
websites on Mars and its exploration;
-- a description of Robert Zubrin's "Mars Direct" proposal
for manned missions to Mars;
-- information about The Mars Society, including its
Founding Declaration (both in English and Polish)
and information about its recently formed Polish chapter
(named "Mars Society Polska") with which our Club started
a close collaboration.
- We have added many new links - in the list of Polish space
websites, and in the general list of recommended websites
(including a whole new category "Transport to orbit" and
significant enlargement of the "Commercial activity in space"
category). We also have done a general checking of the links,
deleting the dead ones and updating many others.
- We have added two new entries to our list of recommended
Polish-language books ("Comets" by Yeomans and advance
notice of the "NASA Solar System Atlas").
- Portraits of great contributors to space exploration
have been added to our biographical pages.
- We have introduced numerous improvements of navigation aids,
graphics, etc., and corrected various errors.
Other information:
------------------
- Our appeal for help in verifying the English language
versions of our pages drew the response of several people.
Currently two persons are helping us to do this - thank you!
- Now we are looking for people willing to translate our
remaining Polish texts into English - our only translator
noticeably lags behind schedule...
- On the list of our site contributors we distinguish
the positions of Site Editors - those members of our group
who personally have developed and maintained some sections
or parts of our pages.
- The <klub@uranos.eu.org> discussion list now counts
36 subscribers.
Special information - The URANOS Club is now one year old!
----------------------------------------------------------
- On August 18, 1999 exactly one year has passed since
the official appearance of our site on the Web. In that time
our site has been rebuilt and extended several times,
gathering many new supporters and sympathizers of our Club,
on our two e-mail lists <devel> and <klub>, and
on the distribution list for the Club Bulletin.
An excerpt from the usage statistics for the first year
of activity shows among others:
-- the total number of hits: over 65,000;
-- average numbers of hits:
. per month: around 5,000 (peak values: 7,417 in April,
7,414 in May, and 7,098 in July of 1999),
. per day: around 170 (peak values: 811 on Aug. 28, 1998,
831 on Dec. 9, 1998, and 704 on Apr. 10, 1999 r.).
-- the principal domains of the visitors: over 60% from
Poland; over ten percent "unknown" and the US (mostly
.com, and some .edu), then .net, followed by the rest
of the world (one percent or less for the domain),
from all continents, including New Zealand, Taiwan,
Brasil, etc.
---------------------------------------------------------------
Please forward!
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To: "Starship-Design (E-mail)" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: starship-design: Space Transportation Programs
Date: Sat, 28 Aug 1999 21:07:40 -0500
Here is a really neat site with lots of graphics.
http://www.highway2space.com/
Lee Parker
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To: "Starship-Design (E-mail)" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: starship-design: Backward Causation and the EPR Paradox
Date: Sun, 29 Aug 1999 13:01:12 -0500
Here is a link to a paper that I am sure will stir up a little
controversy...its been too quiet lately!
http://xxx.lanl.gov/html/quant-ph/9810060
Lee
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definitely good site, odd that they have added this new address rather
then the NASA center URL for that group. PR I guess.
Kelly
-----Original Message-----
From: KellySt [SMTP:KellySt@aol.com]
Sent: Saturday, August 28, 1999 9:08 PM
To: starship-design
Cc: lparker
Subject: starship-design: Space Transportation Programs
=20
Here is a really neat site with lots of graphics.
=20
http://www.highway2space.com/
=20
Lee Parker
=20
=20
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Subject: starship-design: Mini-Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion, M2P2 , system
Date: Mon, 30 Aug 1999 19:18:51 EDT
I wonder if this could be used effectively as an interstellar break? Nothing
in the paper talks about effective ISP or power consumption vrs thrust.
Kelly
http://peaches.niac.usra.edu/studies/9801/winglee.html
The Mini-Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion, M2P2 , system provides a
revolutionary means for spacecraft propulsion that can efficiently utilize
the energy from the space plasmas to accelerate payloads to much higher
speeds than can be attained by present chemical (oxidizing propulsion
systems. The system utilizes an innovative configuration of existing
technology based on well established principles of plasma physics. It has the
potential of feasibly providing cheap, fast propulsion that could power
Interstellar Probe, as well as powering payloads that would be required for a
manned mission to Mars. As such the proposed work for missions out of the
solar system and between the planets. The project is interdisciplinary
involving space science, plasma engineering, and aeronautics and space
transportation, which are key components of NIAC's program. The M2P2 system
utilizes low energy plasma to transport or inflate a magnetic field beyond
the typical scale lengths that can be supported by a standard solenoid
magnetic field coil. In space, the inflated magnetic field can be used to
reflect high speed (400 - 1000 km/s) solar wind particles and attain
unprecedented acceleration for a power input of only a few kW which can be
easily achieved by solar electric units. Our initial estimates for a minimum
system can provide a typical thrust of about 3 Newton continuous (0.6 MW
continuous power), with a specific impulse of 104 to 105s) to produce an
increase in speed of about 30 km/s in a period of 3 months. Proposed
optimization could allow the development of system that increase the
acceleration with less expenditure of fuel so that a mission could leave the
solar system could become a reality.
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In a message dated 8/30/99 9:20:43 AM, kelly.g.starks@mail.sprint.com writes:
>I've seen a couple comments and proposals by NASA showing they are
>
>seriously looking into fusion system. They realize chemical propulsion
>
>is to limited, and nuclear is to politically unpopular.
>
>
>
>Kelly
>
>
>
>
>
> -----Original Message-----
>
> From: KellySt [SMTP:KellySt@aol.com]
>
> Sent: Saturday, August 21, 1999 8:22 AM
>
> To: starship-design
>
> Cc: lparker
>
> Subject: starship-design: Plasma/Fusion Engines
>
>
>
> Here is a link to a plasma/fusion engine under development by
>
> NASA....
>
>
>
> http://infinity.msfc.nasa.gov/Public/ps01/fusion_exp.html
>
>
>
>
>
> Lee Parker
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>----------------------- Headers --------------------------------
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Subject: RE: starship-design: Plasma/Fusion Engines
TO: KellySt@aol.com
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I've seen a couple comments and proposals by NASA showing they are
seriously looking into fusion system. They realize chemical propulsion
is to limited, and nuclear is to politically unpopular.
Kelly
-----Original Message-----
From: KellySt [SMTP:KellySt@aol.com]
Sent: Saturday, August 21, 1999 8:22 AM
To: starship-design
Cc: lparker
Subject: starship-design: Plasma/Fusion Engines
=20
Here is a link to a plasma/fusion engine under development by
NASA....
=20
http://infinity.msfc.nasa.gov/Public/ps01/fusion_exp.html
=20
=20
Lee Parker
=20
=20
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Date: Mon, 30 Aug 1999 19:25:31 EDT
The high density antimatter store proposal is interesting too. No
detail in the paper, but hopefully they have useful concepts.
The EST concept was wild. Storing power in magnetic fields? If it works,
this could be big.
Kelly
-----Original Message-----
From: KellySt [SMTP:KellySt@aol.com]
Sent: Saturday, August 21, 1999 9:02 AM
To: starship-design
Cc: lparker
Subject: starship-design: Funded Phase I Studies
LOTS of abstracts on current propulsion and power research,
including the
M2P2 paper and the EST paper...
http://peaches.niac.usra.edu/studies/9801/index.html
Lee Parker
<< File: Funded Phase I Studies.url >>
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Subject: Re: starship-design: Mini-Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion, M2P2 ,
system
Date: Tue, 31 Aug 1999 11:00:50 -0600
KellySt@aol.com wrote:
>
> I wonder if this could be used effectively as an interstellar break? Nothing
> in the paper talks about effective ISP or power consumption vrs thrust.
>
> Kelly
>
> http://peaches.niac.usra.edu/studies/9801/winglee.html
>
> The Mini-Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion, M2P2 , system provides a
> revolutionary means for spacecraft propulsion that can efficiently utilize
> the energy from the space plasmas to accelerate payloads to much higher
> speeds than can be attained by present chemical (oxidizing propulsion
> systems. The system utilizes an innovative configuration of existing
> technology based on well established principles of plasma physics. It has the
> potential of feasibly providing cheap, fast propulsion that could power
> Interstellar Probe.
Sounds like we found the IMPULSE drive of star trek type space craft.
If the plasma propulsion idea can be expanded into a real interstellar ramjet,
next stop the planets.
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the M2P2 can be served as a propulsion to move a payload out of out solar system or to the planets in the solar system, but how about getting a payload into a solar system?
Leo
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Subject: Re: starship-design: M2P2
Date: Tue, 31 Aug 1999 14:26:15 -0700 (PDT)
Leo,
Maybe point yrself in the direction of the star, accelerate until
the heliopause, coast, and decelerate in the target system?
Nels
On Tue, 31 Aug 1999 LeoSusanto@aol.com wrote:
> the M2P2 can be served as a propulsion to move a payload out of out solar system or to the planets in the solar system, but how about getting a payload into a solar system?
>
> Leo
>
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From: "Adam Crowl" <adam@crowl.webcentral.com.au>
Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: "starship design" <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: starship-design: Mini-Magnetosphere and Star-Travel
Date: Wed, 1 Sep 1999 18:28:43 +1000
Hi SD
The system seems to have a lot of potential within this system but as an
interstellar drive it's pretty pitiful except for missions to the solar
focus at 550 AU or so. It's maximum velocity is limited to the speed of the
solar wind which is only 500-1000 km/s, so it'd be a long time between stars
unless you had a secondary drive or a working ramscoop. A better system
would be a magneto-sail pushed up to interstellar speeds by a massive
particle beam. Powered by fusion it'd push the costs of probe launches way
down since it'd only take a few hours at a time to accelerate probes up to ~
0.3c or so. I think all this has been discussed before and the basic design
settled on involves a lithium-fusor launched via a beam/laser to 0.3c [?],
boosted to 0.4c by fusors and deccelerated by a mag-sail.
Still the mini-magnetosphere will make possible some cheap and fast
non-nuclear OutPlanet missions, so more power to them!!!
Adam
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CC: starship design <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: Re: starship-design: Mini-Magnetosphere and Star-Travel
Date: Wed, 01 Sep 1999 12:25:51 -0600
Adam Crowl wrote:
>
> Hi SD
>
> The system seems to have a lot of potential within this system but as an
> interstellar drive it's pretty pitiful except for missions to the solar
> focus at 550 AU or so. It's maximum velocity is limited to the speed of the
> solar wind which is only 500-1000 km/s, so it'd be a long time between stars
> unless you had a secondary drive or a working ramscoop. A better system
> would be a magneto-sail pushed up to interstellar speeds by a massive
> particle beam. Powered by fusion it'd push the costs of probe launches way
> down since it'd only take a few hours at a time to accelerate probes up to ~
> 0.3c or so. I think all this has been discussed before and the basic design
> settled on involves a lithium-fusor launched via a beam/laser to 0.3c [?],
> boosted to 0.4c by fusors and deccelerated by a mag-sail.
>
So what happened to the tacking into the wind, for the return trip home.
A insystem ram scoop is a good idea --
-----------------------------------------------------------------
"Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler."
Albert Einstein
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Subject: Re: starship-design: Mini-Magnetosphere and Star-Travel
Date: Wed, 1 Sep 1999 11:32:57 -0700 (PDT)
Ben Franchuk writes:
> So what happened to the tacking into the wind, for the return trip home.
> A insystem ram scoop is a good idea --
Tacking works in water sailing because a boat is resistant to
moving sideways through the water. When you tack the wind on the
sail produces a sideways thrust component that is strongly
resisted by the boat's orientation in the water and a forward
component that isn't, so the boat makes net forward motion
(especially if you zig-zag). Unfortunately that isn't a property
of spaceships, so they can't tack. There's a certain amount you
can do if the spaceship is already in orbit around the star; you
can arbitrarily raise or lower the spaceship's orbit using a sail
to produce thrust components with or against the ship's orbital
motion. But you can't accelerate a ship towards the star with
the sail any better than just furling the sail and letting the
star's gravity pull you in.
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CC: starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
Subject: Re: starship-design: Mini-Magnetosphere and Star-Travel
Date: Wed, 01 Sep 1999 13:05:30 -0600
Steve VanDevender wrote:
>
> Ben Franchuk writes:
> > So what happened to the tacking into the wind, for the return trip home.
> > A insystem ram scoop is a good idea --
>
> Tacking works in water sailing because a boat is resistant to
> moving sideways through the water. When you tack the wind on the
> sail produces a sideways thrust component that is strongly
> resisted by the boat's orientation in the water and a forward
> component that isn't, so the boat makes net forward motion
> (especially if you zig-zag). Unfortunately that isn't a property
> of spaceships, so they can't tack. There's a certain amount you
> can do if the spaceship is already in orbit around the star; you
> can arbitrarily raise or lower the spaceship's orbit using a sail
> to produce thrust components with or against the ship's orbital
> motion. But you can't accelerate a ship towards the star with
> the sail any better than just furling the sail and letting the
> star's gravity pull you in.
The whole topic of the disscussion started because of tapping into the solar
wind.
1) Solar wind
2) Magnetic sail
]---------------------------------------------------
]------------------------#-------------------------- wind
sun ]-----------------------#---------------------------
]----------------------#--sail#1--------------------
]----------------------#########---sail#2-----------
So you add a second sail to provide your sideways resistance.
Problem solved I think.
what about the ship designs that use a wind driven upright turbine
that turns the propeller of the ship? can that be adapted here?
--
-----------------------------------------------------------------
"Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler."
Albert Einstein
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Subject: Re: starship-design: Mini-Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion, M2P2 ,
system
Date: Wed, 1 Sep 1999 17:38:26 EDT
In a message dated 8/31/99 11:53:17 AM, bfranchuk@jetnet.ab.ca writes:
>KellySt@aol.com wrote:
>>
>> I wonder if this could be used effectively as an interstellar break?
> Nothing
>> in the paper talks about effective ISP or power consumption vrs thrust.
>>
>> Kelly
>>
>> http://peaches.niac.usra.edu/studies/9801/winglee.html
>>
>> The Mini-Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion, M2P2 , system provides a
>> revolutionary means for spacecraft propulsion that can efficiently utilize
>> the energy from the space plasmas to accelerate payloads to much higher
>> speeds than can be attained by present chemical (oxidizing propulsion
>> systems. The system utilizes an innovative configuration of existing
>> technology based on well established principles of plasma physics. It
>has the
>> potential of feasibly providing cheap, fast propulsion that could power
>> Interstellar Probe.
>
>Sounds like we found the IMPULSE drive of star trek type space craft.
>If the plasma propulsion idea can be expanded into a real interstellar
>ramjet,
>next stop the planets.
Actually the "impulse drives" were a modified fusion drive (must have played
games with inertia to get the spec impulse they'd need), and ramjets probably
don't do you a lot of good in this sector of the galaxy.
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To: <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: RE: starship-design: Mini-Magnetosphere and Star-Travel
Date: Wed, 1 Sep 1999 16:40:02 -0500
I think Robert Forward has adequately covered the subject of tacking solar
sails, it is possible, it does work like a boat, and it isn't necessarily
dependent upon having water and a keel, even to go "upwind".
Lee Parker
> -----Original Message-----
> From: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
> [mailto:owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu]On Behalf Of Steve
> VanDevender
> Sent: Wednesday, September 01, 1999 1:33 PM
> To: starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
> Subject: Re: starship-design: Mini-Magnetosphere and Star-Travel
>
>
> Ben Franchuk writes:
> > So what happened to the tacking into the wind, for the
> return trip home.
> > A insystem ram scoop is a good idea --
>
> Tacking works in water sailing because a boat is resistant to
> moving sideways through the water. When you tack the wind on the
> sail produces a sideways thrust component that is strongly
> resisted by the boat's orientation in the water and a forward
> component that isn't, so the boat makes net forward motion
> (especially if you zig-zag). Unfortunately that isn't a property
> of spaceships, so they can't tack. There's a certain amount you
> can do if the spaceship is already in orbit around the star; you
> can arbitrarily raise or lower the spaceship's orbit using a sail
> to produce thrust components with or against the ship's orbital
> motion. But you can't accelerate a ship towards the star with
> the sail any better than just furling the sail and letting the
> star's gravity pull you in.
>
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Subject: Re: starship-design: Mini-Magnetosphere and Star-Travel
Date: Wed, 1 Sep 1999 17:53:44 EDT
In a message dated 9/1/99 1:18:46 PM, bfranchuk@jetnet.ab.ca writes:
>Adam Crowl wrote:
>>
>> Hi SD
>>
>> The system seems to have a lot of potential within this system but as
>an
>> interstellar drive it's pretty pitiful except for missions to the solar
>> focus at 550 AU or so. It's maximum velocity is limited to the speed
>of the
>> solar wind which is only 500-1000 km/s, so it'd be a long time between
>stars
>> unless you had a secondary drive or a working ramscoop. A better system
>> would be a magneto-sail pushed up to interstellar speeds by a massive
>> particle beam. Powered by fusion it'd push the costs of probe launches
>way
>> down since it'd only take a few hours at a time to accelerate probes
>up to ~
>> 0.3c or so. I think all this has been discussed before and the basic
>design
>> settled on involves a lithium-fusor launched via a beam/laser to 0.3c
>[?],
>> boosted to 0.4c by fusors and deccelerated by a mag-sail.
>>
>
>So what happened to the tacking into the wind, for the return trip home.
Doesn't work. Only works in system because your 'tacking' is really altering
your orbit traj around the sun.
>A insystem ram scoop is a good idea --
Kelly
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Subject: Re: starship-design: Mini-Magnetosphere and Star-Travel
Date: Wed, 1 Sep 1999 17:53:42 EDT
In a message dated 9/1/99 12:16:24 PM, adam@crowl.webcentral.com.au writes:
>Hi SD
>
>
>
>The system seems to have a lot of potential within this system but as an
>
>interstellar drive it's pretty pitiful except for missions to the solar
>
>focus at 550 AU or so. It's maximum velocity is limited to the speed of
>the
>
>solar wind which is only 500-1000 km/s, so it'd be a long time between
>stars
>
>unless you had a secondary drive or a working ramscoop. A better system
>
>would be a magneto-sail pushed up to interstellar speeds by a massive
>
>particle beam. Powered by fusion it'd push the costs of probe launches
>way
>
>down since it'd only take a few hours at a time to accelerate probes up
>to ~
>
>0.3c or so. I think all this has been discussed before and the basic design
>
>settled on involves a lithium-fusor launched via a beam/laser to 0.3c [?],
>
>boosted to 0.4c by fusors and deccelerated by a mag-sail.
>
>
>
>Still the mini-magnetosphere will make possible some cheap and fast
>
>non-nuclear OutPlanet missions, so more power to them!!!
>
>
>
>Adam
My thought was that the interstelar dust and debries might make a damn good
ion flow and act like a solar wind while at speed .4c. If you could cut down
a good fraction of that speed before you have to hit the decel boost, you
could save a ton of fuel. I hadn't thought of using it as a sail for
boosting out. Interesting idea though.
Kelly
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Subject: starship-design: My rocket engine patent pending link - Star Ship
Date: Wed, 1 Sep 1999 19:33:28 EDT
------------------------------
from welcome message of majordomo@lists.uoregon.edu
Although clearly there is much speculation involved in the
development of future technology, this mailing list is
practically oriented and proposals should be justifiable using
presently-known engineering techniques and scientific knowledge.
Proposals involving highly speculative topics such as FTL
(faster-than-light) propulsion or novel energy generation
techniques will be treated quite skeptically by list members.
-------------------------------
Thank you for welcoming me to your mailing list.
I have a patent pending on a rocket engine that may be of interest to some of
your members.
There are seven claims with the seventh being a machine to test Einstein's
theory that a machine other than a particle accelerator may be found to
exceed light speed.
I have no desire to discuss the validity of the seventh claim to keep any
responses to issues of my machine principles of applied physics and not the
theoretical projections of it's operating limits. I welcome other feedback
(claims one to six or patents in general) even when healthily skeptical. I
believe we all share a belief in man's future exploration of the stars, and I
propose a practical machine to accomplish this.
Reference to my websites engine patent pending is below. To transport to my
cyberspace constructed star ship's transporter room (Table of Contents)
simply click the animated blue bar at the top of any of my web property pages
marking my intellectual property.
I am not responsible for links outside my property including one to LIT. This
mailing list in-closet members believing in faster than light rocket travel
may respond by private mail to tjac780754@aol.com with my private response
given. (use private in subject line) . I will respond publicly to this list
post regarding other inquires-not about light speed limit.
Respectfully,
Tom Jackson
star1ship@aol.com
PS Enjoy<A HREF="http://members.aol.com/tjac780754/indexb.htm">
http://members.aol.com/tjac780754/indexb.htm</A>
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Subject: starship-design: Fwd: Associated press needs a calculator!!
Date: Fri, 3 Sep 1999 20:09:07 EDT
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Subject: Associated press needs a calculator!!
TO: DotarSojat@aol.com, indy@the-line.com, kellyst@aol.com,
kryswalker@aol.com,
scott.schulte@openmail.mail.sprint.com,
jason.torrey@openmail.mail.sprint.com,
ken.ward@openmail.mail.sprint.com
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The following quote from a AP report explains a lot about the quality of
recent press reporting.
2 September 1999: Teens Plead Innocent in Hacking Case, AP, Yahoo
"Their ages were not given, but the indictment said they were
all born in 1979."
=20
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Subject: starship-design: FW: SSRT: Space Access Political Action Alert 9/3/99 (fwd)
Date: Fri, 3 Sep 1999 22:57:02 -0500
-----Original Message-----
From: listserv@ds.cc.utexas.edu [mailto:listserv@ds.cc.utexas.edu]On
Behalf Of Chris W. Johnson
Sent: Friday, September 03, 1999 5:07 PM
To: Single Stage Rocket Technology News
Subject: SSRT: Space Access Political Action Alert 9/3/99 (fwd)
Date: Fri, 3 Sep 1999 17:03:10 -0400 (EDT)
From: Donald L Doughty <spacelst@world.std.com>
To: DC-X <delta-clipper@world.std.com>
Subject: Space Access Political Action Alert 9/3/99 (fwd)
Sender: delta-clipper-approval@world.std.com
Reply-To: delta-clipper@europe.std.com
Status:
The latest info I have from 'The Hill' is Letters and Faxes are
being counted on this issue.
Space Access Political Action Alert 9/3/99
____________________________________________________________________
- Contact Your Congressman by Wednesday!
- Senate HUD/VA Markup Likely Week After Next
Write, Fax or Call Your Congressman by Wednesday!
Congress will come back into session after their August break this
coming Wednesday, September 8th. The full House is currently
expected to debate and vote on their HUD/VA (NASA) Appropriation
that same day. As it emerged from committee, that bill contains
roughly $900 million in NASA cuts, about two-thirds of that in
space-based science. We are asking you all to contact your local
Congressman and ask him or her to restore the NASA space science
budget cuts in the HUD/VA Appropriation.
This may seem a bit outside our area, but we do have what we think
are good reasons. First, unless these cuts are in large part
restored, there is very little chance we'll get an "add" for NASA
Future-X. Restoring some significant part of the cuts in the House
improves odds of getting Future-X money added in the Senate, in our
estimation. Second, these parts of NASA being cut are those that
tend to be most flexible about buying commercial launches when
appropriate; they are good for the market that we're trying to
encourage. Third, these parts of NASA being cut tend to be places
where better-faster-cheaper has actually been happening; this is a
trend we'd like to encourage.
Note that we are taking no position on the Shuttle and Station cuts
that make up the other third of the overall reductions. The message
we recommend is "restore the NASA space science cuts". "Restore the
NASA cuts" period is of course an option if you prefer.
How To Do It
Get your Congressman's DC office address or phone or fax number, via
www.vote-smart.org (have an old bill with your nine-digit zip handy)
or by calling your local library's information desk.
If you're writing or faxing, compose a polite concise one-page
letter to them, identifying yourself as a constituent of theirs,
telling them what you'd like them to do, then briefly explaining
why - just hit one or two high points, don't overexplain. Thank
them for their attention, sign the letter, and send it.
If you're writing, remember Monday is a holiday - get it to the Post
Office Saturday or you'll have to overnight it Tuesday.
If phoning during Tuesday or first thing Wednesday, dial their DC
office number, ask for whoever handles NASA appropriations
questions, then when connected to that staffer (or more likely their
voice mail) tell them briefly who you are ("I'm Joe Smith from
Peoria") and what you want them to do ("Restore the NASA space
science budget cuts"), then (unless they have questions) thank them
for their time and ring off [202-225-3121 Cap. SB].
Senate HUD/VA Markup Likely Week After Next
The next key item is going to be persuading the Senate Appropriators
to "add $30 million for NASA Future-X flight demonstrators, as
provided for in the House NASA Authorization". The Senate HUD/VA
Appropriations Subcommittee is currently expected to "mark up"
sometime during the week of September 13th. There is a small chance
they might get to that late next week; we'll be putting out a
specific Alert on that either way. Meanwhile, for you self-starters
out there, the subcommittee members are Stevens AK, Byrd WV, Bond
MO, Burns MT, Shelby AL, Craig ID, Hutchison TX, Kyl AZ, Mikulski
MD, Leahy VT, Lautenberg NJ, Harkin IA - call fax or write with the
above message, if one of these is your Senator.
Thanks!
*end*
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Subject: starship-design: FW: SSRT: Space Science Political Alert #4. (fwd)
Date: Wed, 8 Sep 1999 19:43:37 -0500
-----Original Message-----
From: listserv@ds.cc.utexas.edu [mailto:listserv@ds.cc.utexas.edu]On
Behalf Of Chris W. Johnson
Sent: Wednesday, September 08, 1999 2:55 PM
To: Single Stage Rocket Technology News
Subject: SSRT: Space Science Political Alert #4. (fwd)
Date: Tue, 7 Sep 1999 16:48:57 -0400 (EDT)
From: Donald L Doughty <spacelst@world.std.com>
To: DC-X <delta-clipper@world.std.com>
Subject: Space Science Political Alert #4. (Summer's Over...)] (fwd)
Sender: delta-clipper-approval@world.std.com
Reply-To: delta-clipper@europe.std.com
Space Science Policy Alert #4.
Monday 6 September 1999. By Tim Kyger
*Cross-posting of the data in this message is strongly encouraged. *
_* Night Comes In *_
On Wednesday, 8 September 1999, Congress returns from summer recess. On
Wednesday, 8 September, the House will consider, debate, and vote on
H.R. 2684, the FY '00 VA/HUD Appropriations Bill, which funds NASA.
H.R. 2684 contains a cut to NASA of about a billion dollars -- unless
changed.
The Senate's VA/HUD Appropriations Subcommittee will meet on Thursday, 9
September to mark their FY '00 VA/HUD bill. Current word is that they,
too, will cut NASA's requested FY '00 budget by about a billion dollars or
so.
We have three days to change things.
_* Bonds Speaks Redux *_ Senator Kit Bond (R-MO) is the Chair of the
Senate's VA/HUD Appropriations Subcommittee. He says that (at least as of
August 3rd) that he has not received any appeals to keep NASA's budget at
pre-cut levels, and further, that he does not have any meetings planned on
the issue. Senator Bond's spokesman Dan Hubbard said, "I am certain that
no one has been in contact with us on this issue." It was further said
that Senator Bond has no plans to meet with NASA Administrator Dan Goldin,
or with pro-NASA Senator Mike DeWine (R-OH), or anyone else about this
issue.
Folks should let Senator Bond know what they want -
Senator Christopher Bond (R-MO)
Senate VA/HUD Appropriations Subcommittee Chair
202/224-5721 vox
202/224-8149 fax
314/725-4484 in Kansas City
573/634-2488 in Jefferson City
573/334-7044 in Cape Girardeau
314/725-4484 in Saint Louis
417/881-7068 in Springfield
Room SR-274
Russell Senate Office Building
Washington DC 20510
kit_bond@bond.senate.gov email address
www.senate.gov/~bond web site
_* I Know What You Did Last Summer. *_
I worked on Capital Hill for eight years. Letters have more political
clout than phone calls. Email has the least political clout of anything
you can do, ranking lower than even a phone call. You can always fax your
letter, however, and this is probably the most convenient way to register
your opinion on this matter. (Staffers assume that paper mail or faxes
take more effort, so they take them more seriously.)
Last week, Capitol Hill had started to receive letters, calls, faxes,
and email. But it was only a trickle. If we are to prevail, it has to
change from light rain to a hurricane.
A draft letter that may be used to model your letters will be found at
the end of this message.
After you write and/or fax Senator Bond, write and/or fax Senator
Mikulski, the Ranking Democrat on the Senate VA/HUD Appropriations
Subcommittee:
Barbara Mikulski (D-MD)
202/224-4654 vox
202/224-8858 fax
410/962-4510 in Baltimore
410/263-1805 in Annapolis
301/345-5517 in College Park
410/546-7711 in Salisbury
301/797-2826 in Hagerstown
Room SH-709
Hart Senate Office Building
Washington DC 20510
senator@mikulski.senate.gov email address
www.senate.gov/~mikulski web site
When you're done, write and/or fax the following other two Senators:
Ted Stevens (R-AK), Chairman of the full Appropriations Committee
202/224-3004 vox
202/224-2354 fax
907/271-5915 in Anchorage
Room SH-522, HSOB
senator_stevens@stevens.senate.gov email address
stevens.senate.gov web site
Robert Byrd (D-WV) is the full Committee Ranking Democrat, and he is
also on the VA/HUD Subcommittee.
202/224-3954 vox
202/228-0002 fax
304/342-5855 in Charleston
Room SH-311, HSOB
senator_byrd@byrd.senate.gov email address
www.senate.gov/~byrd/ web site
_* Why We Fight *_
If you want to see the damage these proposed cuts to NASA's budget would
do, point your browser at:
http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/oss/announce/housefull2000.html
_* History in the Making *_
The following point was first made to me by Chaz Miller, formerly of
ProSpace. Good point, Chaz!
The debate that will occur on H.R. 2684 this coming Wednesday will
constitute the first policy debate by our elected representatives on
what the goals of the U.S. ought to be for its federal civil space program
in at least a generation -- certainly it will be the first in *my* adult
lifetime (born in '55.you do the math!). Debates on the Space Station
don't count; they've only been debates about a specific program within
NASA.
You owe it to yourself to be aware of what is said in this coming
debate.
You also owe it to yourself, and to our posterity, to try to influence
this debate beforehand.
-* Silence Means Security; Silence Means Approval. *_
Write those letters!
If you need more background information, please see the website at the
following URL:
http://home.marssociety.org/usa-political/news/kyger-3b-19990830.html
or http://www.reston.com/nasa/budget.html
Stay tuned. This is going to be a long fight.
# end #
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From: KellySt@aol.com
Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: dana1ee@yahoo.com, starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
Subject: starship-design: Re: StarShip Design
Date: Thu, 16 Sep 1999 18:51:47 EDT
In a message dated 9/16/99 3:13:04 PM, dana1ee@yahoo.com writes:
>Dear Sir,
>
>I found your site interesting and would like to have a link to it.
>http://metalab.unc.edu/lunar/school/InterStellar/SSD_index.html
>
>Dana Lee Kimball
>President
>LaunchStar International Inc.
>danalee@iname.com
Glad you like it, please link to your hearts content.
Kelly Starks
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From: "Adam Crowl" <ajcrowlx2@ozemail.com.au>
Sender: owner-starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu
To: <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: starship-design: Plasma Drive...
Date: Wed, 29 Sep 1999 06:27:29 +1000
Hi SD,
Well here's the URL for the Final Report on the Stable Plasma power storage
concept...
http://peaches.niac.usra.edu/studies/9801/9801Final/SewardFinal.pdf
...it requires Adobe Acrobat 3.0. It seems to have great potential and the
plasma could be powered up by any old energy source, via a microwave
injector or some such. Theoretically a stable plasma could be put in a jet
engine and the aircraft would require NO fuel, and still have enough power
to travel around the world! It'd just compress and heat normal air...
Applied to a space launcher the savings could be immense, and applied to a
Mars mission the mass would go from ~ 600 t [split between three launches]
to one launch of about 120 t! That's an 80% saving in mass and God knows how
much in equipment and development.
Ultimately it could go into a system using small sub-plasmas for thrust and
achieve maybe 60,000 s Isp... I can see real potential for this coupled with
a Bussard fusor for high speed Deep Space missions...
Adam
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Subject: starship-design: Planet Mapper on the Cheap
Date: Wed, 29 Sep 1999 06:58:38 +1000
Hi Guys...
Here's another really interesting design... for very light-weight 25 metre
space-telescopes, a hundred of which would make up an interferometer cluster
and allow terrestrial planets to be imaged [10,000 pixel images] around
other stars... all for about $6 billion. Spread over ten years, and able to
do useful work from the word go, the system would make planet-mapping
routine, and could easily be in place by 2020.
http://peaches.niac.usra.edu/studies/9801/9801Final/BekeyFinal.pdf
this one really excites me because it could happen and it'd be cheap
compared with the hundreds of billions needed for a Planet Imager built the
usual way...
Adam
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Subject: Re: starship-design: Plasma Drive...
Date: Wed, 29 Sep 1999 17:17:30 +1000
Hi SD,
That's a bloody good Idea Kevin. Beamed power without the need for totally
beamed power, just a kind of top up. A pure microwave system never struck me
as safe, but a plasma storage system has an advantage...
Adam
----- Original Message -----
From: Kevin Houston <Kevin@urly-bird.com>
To: Adam Crowl <ajcrowlx2@ozemail.com.au>
Sent: Wednesday, September 29, 1999 2:56 PM
Subject: Re: starship-design: Plasma Drive...
> Hmm,
>
> Very interesting. I like that it is microwave powered. You could make a
> really nice beamed launch vehicle. A little bit of water to start things
> off, then breathe air until you clear the stratosphere, and then use
> whatever reaction mass you are using (I suggest water). The whole time,
> you can continue to add energy, so that the craft has full power when it
> reaches space.
>
> The power station stays on the ground, next to the Hydroelectric plant (or
> whatever) that generates the power.
>
> Kevin
>
> At 06:27 AM 9/29/99 +1000, you wrote:
> >Hi SD,
> >
> >Well here's the URL for the Final Report on the Stable Plasma power
storage
> >concept...
> >
> >http://peaches.niac.usra.edu/studies/9801/9801Final/SewardFinal.pdf
> >
> >...it requires Adobe Acrobat 3.0. It seems to have great potential and
the
> >plasma could be powered up by any old energy source, via a microwave
> >injector or some such. Theoretically a stable plasma could be put in a
jet
> >engine and the aircraft would require NO fuel, and still have enough
power
> >to travel around the world! It'd just compress and heat normal air...
> >Applied to a space launcher the savings could be immense, and applied to
a
> >Mars mission the mass would go from ~ 600 t [split between three
launches]
> >to one launch of about 120 t! That's an 80% saving in mass and God knows
how
> >much in equipment and development.
> >
> >Ultimately it could go into a system using small sub-plasmas for thrust
and
> >achieve maybe 60,000 s Isp... I can see real potential for this coupled
with
> >a Bussard fusor for high speed Deep Space missions...
> >
> >Adam
> >
>
>
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CC: starship design <starship-design@lists.uoregon.edu>
Subject: Re: starship-design: Plasma Drive...
Date: Wed, 29 Sep 1999 10:58:56 -0600
Adam Crowl wrote:
>
> Hi SD,
>
> That's a bloody good Idea Kevin. Beamed power without the need for totally
> beamed power, just a kind of top up. A pure microwave system never struck me
> as safe, but a plasma storage system has an advantage...
> > Very interesting. I like that it is microwave powered. You could make a
> > really nice beamed launch vehicle. A little bit of water to start things
> > off, then breathe air until you clear the stratosphere, and then use
> > whatever reaction mass you are using (I suggest water). The whole time,
> > you can continue to add energy, so that the craft has full power when it
> > reaches space.
> >
> > The power station stays on the ground, next to the Hydroelectric plant (or
> > whatever) that generates the power.
> > >to travel around the world! It'd just compress and heat normal air...
> > >Applied to a space launcher the savings could be immense, and applied to
> Mars mission the mass would go from ~ 600 t [split between three
> launches to one launch of about 120 t! That's an 80% saving in mass and God knows
> how much in equipment and development.
> Ultimately it could go into a system using small sub-plasmas for thrust
> and achieve maybe 60,000 s Isp... I can see real potential for this coupled
> with a Bussard fusor for high speed Deep Space missions...
>
I don't think the plasma will scale to make a large space launcher possible.
My guess is still a air launched pseudo SSTO space plane with a payload in the
2-3 ton
range for low earth orbit. The problem is scaling and heat flow. I suspect a
external field of some kind will be needed to keep the plasma stable for energy
addition
and removal. ( Mr Fusion of "Back to the future" comes to mind here for a
successful reactor
size wise <grin>). The heat produced from say a 70% efficient engine still has
to fed through small area.
Assuming a 10^9 J? plasma we are looking at about 3 feet diameter with a 1 foot
hole.
That's a lot of heat and external forces wanting to push the field out of
shape. I wonder
how the field would explode if pushed out of shape? Lots of nasty X-rays is my
guess.
quick calculations ... 2 ton payload 3 ton unmanned craft ... Isp = 6,000. g=32
mi=5 tons
v 30,000 ft/sec
Mf = (e(V/(g*isp)-1)Mi = 1 ton.
Ben.
I wonder if C4H would work for fuel?
--
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"Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler."
Albert Einstein
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Subject: Re: starship-design: Plasma Drive...
Date: Wed, 29 Sep 1999 14:35:13 -0500
At 10:58 AM 9/29/99 -0600, Ben Franchuk wrote:
>I don't think the plasma will scale to make a large space launcher possible.
>My guess is still a air launched pseudo SSTO space plane with a payload in the
>2-3 ton
>range for low earth orbit. The problem is scaling and heat flow. I suspect a
>external field of some kind will be needed to keep the plasma stable for
energy
>addition
Not only that, but you would want one on-board for emergencies, in case you
had a "Flame-out". So I think that an external elctro-magnetic device
should be built in to the containment vessel.
>and removal. ( Mr Fusion of "Back to the future" comes to mind here for a
>successful reactor
>size wise <grin>). The heat produced from say a 70% efficient engine still has
>to fed through small area.
I wonder if the air-flow could be directed in such a way as to couple with
the rotational component of the plasma, so as to help keep it stable,
instead of breaking it.
>Assuming a 10^9 J? plasma we are looking at about 3 feet diameter with a 1
>foot hole.
>That's a lot of heat and external forces wanting to push the field out of
>shape. I wonder
>how the field would explode if pushed out of shape? Lots of nasty X-rays is my
>guess.
Cherenkov radiation? It would be one hell of an EMP wouldn't it? I'll bet
it will be spread out over the EM spectrum in a gaussian shape with some
characteristic frequency peak.
>quick calculations ... 2 ton payload 3 ton unmanned craft ... Isp = 6,000.
g=32
>mi=5 tons
>v 30,000 ft/sec
>Mf = (e(V/(g*isp)-1)Mi = 1 ton.
>Ben.
>I wonder if C4H would work for fuel?
Any gas/liquid should work as well as any other. Assuming you mean
methane, it would combust in the reaction chamber while in flight, adding a
little kick, but the main gas for the atmospheric portion will have to be
plain old air. Once out in space, you'd have to bring your own O2 to
combust the CH4, and that costs extra weight.
I think plain old water would be the best. You could build the water tank
around the plasma, to provide extra sheilding if the plasma collapsed,
Then the heat leakage from the plasma will help warm the water and keep it
liquid out in space.
What would happen if you threw one these plasma rings at someone? How
would you do that, and how could you make sure the field collapsed when it
reached it target? That energy has to go somewhere....
Kevin
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Subject: starship-design: more stable Plasma usage.
Date: Wed, 29 Sep 1999 15:22:07 -0600
> What would happen if you threw one these plasma rings at someone? How
> would you do that, and how could you make sure the field collapsed when it
> reached it target? That energy has to go somewhere....
> Kevin
It sounds like kevin has invented the phaser weapon.
Large plasma ring to feed tiny plasma rings to be shot into a target.
1) small high density ring -- stun with EM pulse.
2) low density ring -- pain/wound
3) med density ring -- kill
-----------------------------------------------------------------
"Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler."
Albert Einstein