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II. Phases in the Formation of
Anti-Jewish Policy, 1933-1939
A. The Initial Assault, 1933-1935
B. Ostracism and the Codification of Race Law, 1935-1937
C. “Aryanization,” Segregation, and Forced Emigration, 1937-1939
Map: Jews in Imperial Germany (1871-1918)
Video clip: Joseph Goebbels' Boycott Speech, 1 April 1933
Image: Warenhaus Tietz, Berlin, ca. 1900
Text:
Principal Acts of Anti-Jewish Legislation, 1933-1942
Text: Law for the Restoration of the
Professional Civil Service, 7 April 1933
Text: Reich Citizenship Law, 15
September 1935
Text: Law for the Protection
of German Blood and German Honor, 15 September 1935
Text: First Executive Order
on the Reich Citizenship Law, 14 November 1935
Graph:
Initiating Causes for Gestapo Investigations of 'Race Defiling,' Würzburg
Gestapo, 1933-1945
Graph: Denunciation
Rate for 'Race Defiling' and 'Friendship with Jews,' Würzburg Gestapo,
1933-1945
Graph: Decline of
the Foreign-Born Jewish Population in Germany, 1925-1939
Graph: Decline
of the German-Jewish Population, 1933-1945
Image: Public Humiliation of Dr. Michael Siegel, Munich, 10 March 1933
Image: Public Humiliation of Adele Edelmann and Oskar Dankner for 'Race Defiling' (Cuxhaven, 1933)
Image: The humiliation of Christine Neemann and her betrothed, Julius Wolf, for 'Race Defiling' (Norden, 1935)
The “Night of Broken Glass,” 9-10 November 1938:
Image: Berlin-Fasanenstrasse Synagogue, before 9 November 1938
Image: Berlin-Fasanenstrasse Synagogue, after 10 November 1938
Image: Aachen Synagogue, after 10 November 1938
Image: Opava Synagogue, 10 November 1938
Image: Oberramstadt Synagogue, 10 November 1938
Image: Fire Crew at Oberramstadt, 10 November 1938
Image: Broken Glass, Magdeburg, 10 November 1938
Image: Deportation of Jewish Men from Baden-Baden, 10 November 1938
Image: Deportation of Jewish Men from Baden-Baden, 10 November 1938
Map: Sites of Destruction, 9-10 November 1938 (Helmut Walser Smith, 2021)
Image left, top: A German Jew photographed
after 1 September 1941, when it was decreed that all Jews must bear a
Star of David patch on all outer garments; image left, bottom: A passport issued to Margarete Jacobsohn, née Simon, on 17 February 1939, bearing the J-stamp and the obligatory middle name, “Sara,” identifying Jacobsohn as Jewish. Jacobsohn's husband, Rudolf, was arrested after the "Night of Broken Glass" and released after Margarete procured tickets aboard the SS St. Louis, bound for Havana. The St. Louis was not permitted to disembark, however, and was forced to return to Europe. The Jacobsohn's found refuge in the Netherlands, where they remained until their U.S. immigration quota number came up in late January, 1940. They then sailed to the U.S., arriving in Hoboken on February 9, 1940. Germany invaded the Netherlands three months later, on May 10, 1940.
Image right: The lintel of a Torah ark from the town of Nentershausen, defaced in the “Night of Broken Glass,” 9-10 November 1938. The Hebrew verse reads “Know Before Whom You Stand.” Image source: USHMM, Jüdisches Museum der Stadt Frankfurt. |
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