Revolutions in Science (II)
Image right: Johann Kerseboom, The Hon. Robert Boyle, F.H.S. (1689). Image source: The Chemical Archives.

I. What is a Fact of Nature?
A. Problems with the “Triumphalist” Story of Scientific Progress
B. A Case in Point: The Meaning of “Monsters”

Image: Ulisse Aldrovandi's Monstrous Rooster
Image: A Monstrous Prodigy—The Pope-Ass
Image: A Monstrous Prodigy-The Monk-Calf of Freiberg
Image: Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Image: Robert Boyle's Air Pump
Image: Joseph Wright of Derby (1737-1797), Experiment with the Air Pump (1768)

II. Debating the Scientific Method
A. Ancients versus Moderns
B. The Mechanics of Fact-Making
C. The Scientific Method Challenged

III. Making the New Knowledge Stick

Map: The Spread of Scientific Academies, 1650-1810

Image left: Sir James Thornhill (1675-1734), Sir Isaac Newton (1709-1712). Oil on canvas. Woolsthorpe Manor, Lincolnshire. Image source: Web Gallery of Art. Image right: Robert Boyle, New Experiments Physico-Mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air, and Its Effects (Made, for the most part, in a New Pneumatical Engine) (Oxford: Hall, 1662). Image source: University of Leeds.

Identifications:

Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1605)
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

Monstrous Births & Prodigies
“Ancients” and “Moderns”

The Air Pump
Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, a.k.a., The Royal Society (Est. 1660).

“Tulip Craze” (1630s)
Bulk Trades, Rich Trades

Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, or VOC), est. 1601
British East India Company, est. 1600

The “Spanish Road”

Image right: Semper Augustus, one of the most sought-after bulbs during the "Tulip Craze"

Image right: Bichitr, Jahangir preferring a Sufi shaikh over Emperors and Kings (ca. 1620). Image source: WikiCommons

I. Introduction: How the Portuguese Conquered Melaka

II. The Projection of Violence
A. Projecting European Power Beyond Europe
B. Zones and Patterns of Interaction
1. Siberia, America, Subsaharan Africa, Southeast Asia
2. The "Gunpoweder Empires"
3. China, Korea, Japan

Image: The Siege of Melaka, 1629
Image: The Famosa Fortress in Melaka
Map: The Expansion of Manilla Fortress, 1576-1650
Image: The Dutch Fort of Batavia, ca. 1681

Map: The Mughal Empire
Map: The Safavid Empire
Image: Deshima Island, Nagasaki Harbor

II. Europe and the Global Economy
A. From Tribute Extraction to Capitalism
B. A Case in Point: The Atlantic Slave Trade

Image: The Island of Banda Neira (1724)
Image: Fort Nassau (1646)
Map: The Early Modern Slave Trade
Image: The Slave House on Isle de Gorée
Image: An Eighteenth-Century Slave Ship

Animation: The Atlantic Slave Trade (1545-1860)

Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Melaka (r. 1488-1511) 
Iskandar Muda, Sultan of Acheh (r.1607-1636)

Nagasaki
Manilla--an example of European-style fortification in Asia
São Tomé (early Portuguese sugar plantation economy, based on African slave labor)

Growth of the Middle Passage:
Sixteenth century: 370,000 people "exported" to the Americas
Seventeenth century: 1,870,000 people
Eighteenth century: 6,130,000 people

Image right: Chaine d'esclaves venant de l'interieur, from René Claude Geoffroy de Villeneuve, L'Afrique, ou histoire, moeurs, usages et coutumes des africains: le Sénégal (Paris, 1814), vol. 4, facing p. 43. Image source: Allposters.com.