• Art:
  • Seals with representations of animals or deities (e.g., 'proto-Siva')
  • Statuettes of dances, 'priests,' animal figurines
  • Central ritual areas and baths (e.g., Mohenjo-Daro)

• Main sites:
  • Mohenjo-Daro
  • Harappa

Vedic Period: c. 1500-500 BCE

• No remaining art; period of great religious developments, i.e. Vedic traditions and texts, early Buddhism, Jainism.

• Mauryan dynasty founded by Chandragupta Maurya; expanded by his son, Asoka (272-232 BCE).
  • Unification of India into empire
  • Buddhism adopted as state religion

• Monumental sculpture:
  • Yaksha, yakshi figures (Parkham, Patna, Besnagar, Didarganj)
    • n.b. Parkham Yaksha is sometimes dated later, to the Sunga period.
  • Stambha: Lauriya Nandangarh; mid 3rd c. BCE
  • Sarnath (lion capital); mid 3rd c. BCE

• Architecture:
  • Chaitya: Lomas Rishi, Barabar Hills, Bihar State; mid 3rd c. BCE

• Stupa #2 at Sanci, Madhya Pradesh; 1st c. BCE
• Stupa at Bharhut, Madhya Pradesh, 1st c. BCE
• Chaitya and vihara 19, at Bhaja, Maharastra, 1st c. BCE
• Chaitya and vihara at Pitalkhora, Maharastra; 1st c. BCE

Andra Period: 70 BCE - 150 AD

• 'Great stupa' or stupa #1, Sanci; 3rd c. BCE through 1st c. AD
• Chaitya and vihara, Bedsa, Maharastra; latter 1st c. AD
• Rani Gumpha, Udayagiri (Khandagiri), Orissa. early 1st c.
• Karli chaitya hall, 1st c. BCE - 1st c. AD

• Emperor Kanishka, late 1st or early 2nd c.

• Stupa remains, Guldara, Afghanistan; 2nd c.
• Stupa remains at Takhi-i-Bahi, Pakistan; Kushan period.
• Buddhist sculpture from Gandhara; Kushan period.
• Ivory sculpture from Begram, Afghanistan; Kushan period.

• Sculptures of Kadphises and Kanishka, from Mathura, Uttar Pradesh;
  • late 1st - early 2nd c.
• 'Friar Bala' Bodhisattva, Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh; 2nd c.
• Seated Buddha, Katra, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh; 2nd c.

• Stupa railing from Bhuteshvara, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh; 2nd c.

• Chaitya hall, Karli, Maharastra; c. 120.
• Chaitya hall, Kanheri, Maharastra; late 2nd c.
• Stupa remains, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh; 2nd c.

• Large Buddha figures, Bamiyan, Afghanistan; 5th c.
• Figures of the Buddha from the Buddhist centers of Sarnath and Mathura, 4th-5th c.
• Rock-cut shrine of Vishnu in the Cosmic Boar avatar, Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh, 401-402.
• Dasavatara Temple, with panel of Vishnu Anatasayin, Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh, early 6th c.
• temple 17, Sanci, Madhya Pradesh; early 5th c.

• Caves at Ajanta, Maharastra: vihara and chaitya halls, late 5th c.
  • Cave I: architecture, sculpture, paintings
    • Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara Padmapani (the Bodhisattva of Infinite Compassion, holding a lotus)
    • the 'Black Bodhisattva'
  • Cave II: architecture, painting
  • Cave XIX: facade, interior organization of space.

Gupta Period and aftermath (Kalachuri and Calukya periods):

• Caves at Ellora, Mahrastra; c. 7th c.
  • Cave V.
  • Cave XII ('Tin Thal').

• Great Cave of Siva, Elephanta, Maharastra. mid-6th - early 7th.
  • organization of interior space, with processionals and lingum shrine; architectural details.
  • Siva Andhaka, Nataraja, Trimurti, Shiva Ardhanarisvara, Marriage of Siva and Parvati.

• Cave I, Badami, Karnataka; latter 6th c.

Early Medieval period:

• Elura (Elora) Caves, 8th c.
  • Kailasanatha Temple; sculpture of Ravenna shaking Mt. Kailasa, late 8th c.

• Successors of the Andhra dynasty in the south of India.
• Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu; 7th - 8th c.
  • Rathas (small shrines), latter 7th c.
    • Dharmaraja, Draupadi, Arjuna, Ganesha rathas.
  • Gangavatarana (rock relief of the Descent of the Ganges), 7th c.
  • Durga Mahisasuramardini, c. 7th.
  • Shore Temple, early 8th c.
• Kailasanatha (Rajasimhesvara) Temple, Kancipuram, Tamil Nadu; early 8th.

South Indian Hindu architecture:

• Aihole, Karnataka:
  • Lad Khan, late 7th - early 8th; Meguti Temple, early 7th c.; Durga Temple, late 7th - early 8th.
• Badami, Karnataka: Malegetti Shivalaya temple, c. 600.
• Pullamangai, Tamil Nadu: Brahmapurisvara Temple, late 9th - early 10th.
• Tanjore, Tamil Nadu: Rajarajeshvara (Brihadeshvara), c.1000.
• Vijayanagar (Hampi), Karnataka: Vitthalasvami Temple; 16th c.
• Madurai, Temil Nadu: Great Temple. mid-17th c.

South Indian Bronzes, Pallava and Chola periods:

• Images of deities, worshippers.

• Bhuvaneshvar, Orissa:
  • Parasurameshvara, 7th c.
  • Mukteshvara, latter 10th.
  • Rajarani, c. 1000
  • Lingaraja, mid-11th to mid-12th c.

• Hoysaleshvara Temple, Halebid, Karnataka; mid-12th.
• Keshava (Somnatha) Temple, Somnathpur, Karnataka; latter 13th c.

Architecture and sculpture of the Rajput courts:

• Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh:
  • Khandariya Mahadeva, early 11th c.
  • Lakshmana, c. 1000

• Sun Temple, Modhera, Gujarat; 11th c.
• Sun Temple (Surya Deul), Konarak, Orissa; c. 1240.

• Manluq dynasty: 1191 - 1246; founder = Qutb-ud-din Aibak.
  • Delhi: Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque, begun 1193
    • remains of screen, sanctuary, and cloisters.
    • Qutb Minar, begun 1199
    • Tomb of Iltutmish, 1229
  • Ajmer: Arhai-din-ki Jhompra, 1205

• Khalji dynasty: 1290 - 1320; founder = Ala-ud-din Khaliji.
  • Delhi: Alai Darwaza (the Gateway of Alai), into Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, c. 1311.

• Tughlaq dynasty, 1320 - 1413.
  • Tughlaqabad: tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din-Tughlaq, c. 1320 - 1325
  • Multan: tomb of Shah Rukn-i-Alam, c. 1320
  • Remains of Kotla Firuz Shah, 14th c.

• Sayyid and Lodi period, 15th - 16th c.
  • Delhi:
    • Bara Gumbad, c. 1494
    • tomb of Mohammad Shah Sayyid, 1443
    • tomb of Isa Khan, 1547
  • Jami Masjid, Ahmedabad, Gujarat; 15th c.
  • Mandu: Jami Masjid, c. 1440.
  • Sur dynasty, 1530 - 1545
    • Purana Qil-a: Qil-a-i-Kihna Masjid, Delhi; c. 1545.
    • Tomb of Sher Shah Sur, Sasaram; 1540 - 1545.
  • Mughal period: 1526 - 1857 (excluding Sur interregnum)
    • Babur: r. 1526 - 1531
    • Humayun: r. 1531 - 1556
      • tomb of Humayun, Delhi, 1565
    • Akbar: r. 1556 - 1605
      • Agra Fort, Delhi Gate
      • Fatehpur Sikri, begun c. 1569
        • Diwan-i-am (Hall of Public Audience)
        • Diwan-i-khass (Hall of Private Audience)
        • Panch Mahal (Five Storied Palace)
        • House of Raja Birbal
        • Jodh Bai Palace
        • Jami Masjid
          • Buland Darwaza (Gate of Magnificence)
          • tomb of Salim Chisti
    • Jahangir: r. 1605 - 1627
      • Lahore: Lahore Fort; Tomb of Jahangir, c. 1627
      • Sikandra: Tomb of Akbar, c. 1612
      • Agra: Tomb of Itimad-al-Daula, c. 1628
    • Jahan r. 1627 - 1658
      • Lahore: Shish Mahal, Lahore Fort
      • Agra: Diwan-i-Am, Shah Burj, Moti Masjid, all in the Agra Fort.
      • Agra: Tomb of Mumtaz Mahal, known as the Taj Mahal, begun 1644
      • Delhi: Daulat Khana-i-Khass, Shah Burj, Dhaulat Khana-i Khass, and Rang Mahal, all in the Shahjahanabad or Red Fort.
        • Jami Masjid, Shahjahanabad, Delhi.

• Painting of the Medieval and Islamic Periods:
  • Know major schools, including the painting of the Rajput and Mughal courts.
  • Gardens of the Islamic Period are subsumed under architecture.