Hupa Language Online

Browse Stem Index

Stems are the basic building blocks of most words in Hupa. They provide the core meaning of a word, which can be modified by adding prefixes and suffixes.

This list of verb stems is based loosely on the Element List in vol. 14 of the Collected Works of Edward Sapir.

Many stems have an index in parentheses at the end. Since many stems are homophonous and spelled the same way, the indices are used in the Element List to distinguish them from each other. For example, -'aw(1) 'to fool someone' and -'aw(2) 'to sing' are spelled the same way, but 'to fool someone' is listed first in the Element List, and 'to sing' is listed second.

However, the Element List has more kinds of stems (nouns, adverbs, etc.), which can also be homophonous with a verb stem. Since the list appearing below only includes verb stems, the numbers of the indices are occasionally discontinuous. For example, -ch'ich'(1) is a noun stem meaning 'elbow', but -ch'ich'(2) is a verb stem meaning 'to have a boil on the body'. Only -ch'ich'(2) appears in the list below because it is a verb; -ch'ich'(1) is not included because it is a noun.

-'a:(1)•to extend (singular subject)

-'a:(2)•to be a long time

-'a:(3)•to have or carry a round object

-'a:(4)•to understand or know how to do something

-'a:(5)•to ask, order, command; to call an animal

-'a:l•to cut salmon up

-'a:n(2)•to be or to have a hole or cavity

-'aw(1)•to fool or decieve someone

-'aw(2)•to sing

-'awh(1)•a state or activity involving a round object

-'awh(2)•to run or jump (plural subejct)

-'awh(3)•(animals) move or travel along

-'e:n(1)•to do something or treat something a certain way

-'e:n(3)•to see, look at, watch

-'e:n(4)•to treat as something, use something for

-'e:tł'•to extend (plural subject)

-'il•to swim (plural subject)

-'its(1)•to shoot

-'its(2)•to run around

-'its(3)•to pull, tug something

-'iwh(1)•to be enough

-'iwh(2)•to see, notice

-'iwh(3)•to drip

-'uch'•to sneeze

-'ul(1)•to butcher, cut something up

-'ul(2)•to chew

-'ul(3)•to rest one's head

-'ut(2)•a state or activity involving a flat, cloth-like object

-ch'a:n•to shout, cry out

-ch'a:t(1)•to ache

-ch'a:t(2)•to wear a hat

-ch'a:wh•to tie a knot

-ch'e:(1)•wind blows

-ch'e:k'(2)•to have a strong taste

-ch'e:t•to tell a lie

-ch'ich'(2)•to have a boil (on the body)

-ch'it(2)•to die

-ch'iwh(2)•to cover, to wear a coat

-ch'uq'•to hop like a frog

-ch'o:n•to make a plopping sound

-ch'ut'(2)•to peel

-chwa:(1)•to bury; to throw or handle dirt or a loose mass

-chwe:(1)•to make

-chwe:(2)•to grow

-chwe:n(1)•to grow

-chwe:n(2)•to be hungry

-chwe:n(3)•to smell

-chwil(1)•to be wet

-chwil(2)•to be dull, blunt

-chwin(2)•to stink

-chwin'(3)•to defecate

-chwin'(4)•to be bad, ugly

-chwin'(5)•to be selfish

-chwiq'•to string in a line

-chwit•to reach, extend the arm

-chwiw(1)•to cry

-chwiw(2)•to hire

-chwiwh•to smell something

-chwo:k•to sweep

-chwo:n•to be nice, pretty

-chwun'(2)•to clump, cluster, bunch together, squeeze

-da:(4)•to stay, sit (singular subject)

-da:(5)•to hunt

-da:(7)•to menstruate for the first time; to be honored in the Flower Dance

-da:l•to run along

-da:s(1)•to be heavy

-da:s(2)•to singe

-da:wh•to run

-da:ye'•to bloom, flower

-da:y(3)•to be thin, weak, poor

-daw(2)•to melt away, vanish

-de:n•to shine, to be oily

-de:s•to cut or singe hair

-dik'•to crack or peck something

-dil(1)•to go (plural subject)

-dil(2)•to throw several objects or a rope

-dil(3)•to eat berries

-dil(4)•to ring, make a clamorous noise

-din(2)•to be near

-din(3)•to love, like

-din(4)•to be without

-din'(1)•to depart (plural subject)

-dits•to be wrinkled, twisted

-ditł'•to shake, tremble

-diw(1)•(acorns) fall

-diw(2)•to wash something

-dol•to make a loud, crashing sound

-don'•to be straight

-dow(1)•to draw back, dodge, evade

-dow(2)•to cut something, make a cut

-dus•to break

-dzit•to be short

-ge:s(1)•to scratch, scrape

-ge'g•to be small (plural subject)

-gich•to make a crackling sound

-git(1)•to be afraid

-git(2)•to be rotten

-git(3)•to belch

-git(4)•to run as a group

-giye'•to be small (singular subject)

-gya:s•to break off

-je:n•to shine, be bright

-je:w(1)•to be sticky

-je:w(2)•to crowd, flock together

-je:w(3)•to die (polite term)

-je:ye'•mind, breast

-jich•a state or activity involving a granular substance

-jil(1)•to slip

-jil(2)•to be crazy

-jin(1)•daytime, sunshine

-jut'•to make a wet, floppy sound

-k'e:t'•to make a creaking, squeaking sound

-k'il•to tear, rip

-ke:n•to be stiff

-kis•to hit, strike

-kit(1)•(fog, smoke) moves

-kit(2)•to catch

-ky'o:ts'(2)•to stretch

-ky'ow•to be jealous

-kya'•to wear a skirt or dress

-kya:n(1)•to be pregnant

-kya:w•to be big

-kyo:s•a state or activity involving a flat, cloth-like object

-kyo:t•to steal; to run away

-kyow(1)•to be big to a certain extent

-la:(2)•to hate

-la:l•to dream

-la:n(1)•to be born

-la:n(2)•to play (a physical game or sport)

-la:n(3)•to quit

-la:n(4)•to scold

-la:n(5)•to disbelieve

-la:t•to float (singular subject)

-la:wh•to clean

-law(1)•to gather, collect

-le:(1)•to move or carry several objects or a rope

-le:(2)•to pull, tug something

-le:(3)•to be satiated, full (of food)

-le:(4)•to be frozen

-le:(5)•to imitate

-le:l(1)•to bother

-le:n•to be plentiful

-lich•to leak; to urinate

-lik•to tell

-lin•to flow

-lit•to burn

-liw(1)•to attack, kill

-liw(2)•to swim underwater

-liw(4)•to become

-liwh(1)•to taste like

-liwh(2)•to watch; to remember

-liwh(3)•a state or activity involving several objects or a rope

-lo:s•to drag

-loy'•to tie

-lut'•to make a ripping sound

-ła:n•to be many

-ła:t•to run or jump (singular subject)

-łit(2)•to make a sharp, sudden noise

-łiw(1)•a state or activity involving a soft, doughy, or floppy object

-łiw(2)•to make a mark, smear, paint

-łiye'•to be valuable

-ło'(1)•to laugh

-ło:w•to have sores, boils

-łut'•to make a slapping sound

-ma:•to be grey

-ma'(1)•to have a famine

-ma:s•to roll

-ma:ts'•to be round

-me:(1)•to swim, bathe

-me:(2)•to pick up, gather

-me:ch•to boil something

-me:n(1)•to fill

-me:n(2)•to be sharp

-mich•to break off

-mil(1)•to throw, scatter several things

-min'•to build

-min(1)•to be full

-mit•to tip, capsize

-miwh•to swim, bathe

-mo:t'•to bulge up

-mo:wh•to have a blister

-mowh(1)•to snore

-mowh(2)•to swing, hang

-muq'•to pop

-mut•to boil

-mut'(1)•to flap, slap, burst

-na:(6)•to stir, cook

-na:(7)•to be safe

-na:(8)•to capture

-na:n(1)•to be steep, sloped

-na:n(2)•to drink

-na:t(1)•to lick, taste

-naw(1)•to move

-naw(2)•to touch

-ne:(2)•to think (3rd person subject)

-ne:(1)•to speak

-ne:(3)•to help

-ne:(4)•to pick up, gather

-ne'(2)•to have a share

-ne:ge'•to feel sore, dull

-ne:l(1)•to play

-ne:s•to be long

-nik•to hug

-niw(2)•to get an erection

-niw(3)•to choke

-niw(4)•to forget

-niwh(1)•to be awake, aware

-niwh(2)•to thunder

-no:(3)•to project upward

-not•to blaze

-q'a:•to grind, rub, file

-q'a:n(1)•to lean

-q'a:n(2)•to build a fire

-q'a:s•to throw; to pound

-q'a:w•to be fat

-q'ay'(1)•to straddle

-q'e:n•to twist (a withe)

-q'e:t•to have intercourse

-q'its'•to crack, make a cracking sound

-q'iw(2)•to behave well

-q'och'•to be sour, salty

-q'uts'•to be cold

-qa:n•to bark

-qa:q'•to be clumped or clubbed

-qay•to be white

-qe'•to get up (sg.)

-qe:ch'(2)•to limp

-qe:t•to shove a long object (stick, canoe, etc.)

-qich(1)•to toss (as in stick game)

-qich(2)•to parch, roast over fire

-qit•to saw

-qits'•to twist

-qiwh(1)•to be forked

-qiwh(2)•to twitch

-qo'•to stoop

-qo:n•to crackle (like a dry hide)

-qoch'(3)•to be hollow, gaping

-qol•to crawl, creep

-qos(2)•to be brittle, crunchy

-qot'(2)•to bend

-qot'(3)•to wriggle, flop, tumble

-qot(1)•to poke

-qowh(1)•to throw a long object (stick, spear, etc.)

-qowh(2)•to trot, gallop, lope

-qowh(3)•to tumble

-sa:l•to yawn

-sa:t•to be deep

-sa:y(2)•to make a rattling, rustling sound

-se:ge'•to be sick

-se:l•to be hot

-sin(3)•to be a certain way

-sin(4)•to want to do something

-sin(5)•to think (1st/2nd person subject)

-sin(6)•to keep a secret

-sit•to wake up

-sits'•to peel

-sol•to make a hollow sound

-sow•to scratch, scrape

-sun'•to beat up, abuse; to be weak

-t'aw(1)•to float in the air

-t'aw(3)•to believe

-t'e:(1)•to be

-t'e:(2)•to be cooked, ripe

-t'e:n(1)•to do in a certain way

-t'e:n(2)•to resemble

-t'e:ts'•to parch, roast

-t'ik'(1)•to stretch in a line

-t'ik'(2)•to be thin, narrow

-t'il•to be proud

-t'iwh•to chisel, split

-t'oq'•to work flint

-t'ot•to suck

-t'ow(1)•to use a paddle

-t'ow(2)•to slip on

-t'ow(3)•to sting

-t'un'(1)•to have leaves

-t'un'(2)•to be attached

-t'un'(3)•to flinch

-t'un'ye:•to be thin (like a leaf)

-t'us•to cut

-ta:n(2)•to be thick

-ta:n(3)•to reach to a certain point

-ta:n(4)•to be soft, damp

-ta:n(5)•to eat alone

-taw(2)•to spread, unfold

-te:(2)•to look for

-te:(3)•to feel stronger than

-te:(4)•to carry a living being (non-directed motion)

-te'(1)•to work

-te'(2)•to be strong

-te:ch'•to lie down (plural subject)

-te:l(1)•to be wide

-tik•to squeeze, pinch

-tin(4)•to carry a long, stick-like object

-tin(5)•to be frozen

-tis(1)•to be over something

-tits'•to walk with a cane

-tiw(1)•to measure

-tiw(2)•to beg

-tiw(3)•to win a race

-tiwh(2)•a state or activity involving a long, stick-like object

-tiwh(3)•a state or activity involving a living being

-to:(1)•(water) moves

-ton'•to jump

-ts'a:(1)•to see-saw

-ts'a'(1)•to soak, leak

-ts'a'(2)•to make a roaring sound

-tsa:t(1)•to sit down (singular subject)

-ts'e:•to live somewhere

-ts'e:k'•to grab or scratch with a claw

-ts'e:n•to be stiff

-ts'e:q'(1)•to be gummy, sticky

-ts'is•to shake

-ts'it(1)•to know

-ts'it(2)•to fall

-ts'iw(1)•to squirm, wiggle

-ts'os•to suck

-ts'un'•to be audible

-ts'uq'•to make a sucking sound

-tsa:s(1)•to be large in diameter

-tsa:s(2)•to whip, sling

-tsa:s(3)•to be unenthusiastic, lazy

-tsa:y(1)•to be dry

-tse:(3)•to dance a war-dance

-tse:(4)•to build a fence

-tse:(5)•to open or shut a door

-tse:l•to heat something up

-tse:t•to break wind, fart

-tsil(1)•to pound; to throw a stone

-tsil(2)•to squat, crouch

-tsis(1)•to see

-tsis(2)•to hang

-tsis(3)•to extinguish

-tsit(1)•to pound, crush; to leach acorns

-tsit'•to be knotted; to cut hair

-tson'(1)•to have good weather

-tson'(2)•to bang or flip something

-tsow(1)•to be blue or green

-tsow(2)•to bend or crush something springy

-tuch'•to tattoo

-tul•to step, kick, move the foot

-tun'(2)•to hold

-tun'(3)•to be used to something

-tuq'•to count

-tł'e:t'•to bulge, flop

-tł'its'•to be hard, solid

-tł'o:•to weave, tie

-wa:l•to beat time (esp. for a Flower Dance)

-wa:n(2)•to resemble

-wa:n(3)•to kill, butcher, break up

-wa:n(4)•to commit adultery

-wa:n(5)•to growl

-wa:s•to whittle

-wa:t•to shake, sift

-wa:tł'(1)•to lie (like a stick thrown down)

-wa:wh•to speak, converse, croak

-we'(1)•to be greasy, oily, shining

-we:(3)•to fight

-we:(4)•to kill (one animal or person)

-we:(5)•to pack something around

-we:l(2)•to pack, store something

-we:n(3)•to melt away

-wha:l•to catch with a hook

-whe:(1)•to dig

-whe:(2)•to name

-whil•to shout

-whin(1)•to be black

-whiw•to spit

-whiwh•to suck

-who:n•to be good

-whot•to slide

-whot'•(a wound) heals, scars

-whun'•(sickness) doesn't occur

-wich•to tip over

-wil(1)•to become night

-wil(2)•to doze

-wis(1)•to dodge

-wis(2)•to drill

-wiwh(1)•to pack something around

-wol(1)•to be round like a ball

-wol(3)•to scrape

-wotł'•to make a crunching sound

-wul•to throw a stick, chop, beat

-wun(1)•to sleep

-wun'(2)•to be moldy

-xa:(3)•to carry a filled container

-xa:(4)•dawn arrives

-xa:ch•to break apart

-xa:l(1)•to stretch a hide

-xawh•to pay

-xa:wh(1)•a state or activity involving a filled container

-xa:y•to shoot

-xe:(2)•to float around as a mass (plural subject); to haul something around (non-directed motion)

-xe:(3)•to be loose-jointed

-xe:s•to itch

-xe:t•to buy

-xich•to have spots, speckles

-xis•to fall, to fly

-xit(1)•to be slippery

-xit(2)•to ask

-xit(3)•to slide something

-xit(4)•to swallow

-xit'(1)•to touch

-xiw(2)•to track something

-xiw(3)•to finish; to overtake

-xiwh•to float as a mass (plural subject); to haul

-xos•to cough

-xoy•to vomit

-xun•to be sweet, delicious

-xut•to drop

-xut'(1)•(cloth) lies flat; to sew; to cover (with fabric)

-xuts•to feel drunk or high

-xuts'•to bite

-ya:(1)•to go around (singular subject)

-ya:(4)•to stand

-ya:(5)•to wear a necklace

-ya:n(1)•to be aware, to watch

-ya:n(2)•to be wild, shy

-ya:n(3)•to eat

-ya:t•to be hurt, wounded

-ya:ts•there is light snow

-yawh(1)•to eat; to graze (in a herd)

-ya:wh(2)•to go (singular subject)

-ye:(1)•to name

-ye:(2)•to do a world renewal dance

-ye:(3)•to eat

-ye:n(1)•to stand (sg.)

-ye:n(2)•to do a doctor dance

-ye:n(3)•to move (change location)

-ye:ts'•to tie a knot

-ye:wh(1)•to talk

-ye:wh(2)•to breathe

-ye:wh(3)•to whistle

-ye:wh(4)•to rest

-ye:wh(5)•to rub, crush

-yiw(2)•to gather food, graze

-yiw(3)•to be bent, crippled

-yiw(5)•to be old

-yiw(6)•to be fitting, suitable

-yo'•to love

-yo:l(1)•to blow

-yo:s•to pull, stretch

-yo:t•to chase; to tell to stop; to bark

-yo:wh(1)•to surge out; to break into pieces

-yol•to swell

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