Maa

P - p

p Letter representing the Maa nonimplosive bilabial stop. Between vowels this may be lightly voiced [b] or, in some dialects, a bilabial fricative [ɸ]. In other environments it is pronounced as a voiceless stop [p].

a-pá Past. See: ɛn-áɨ́shárɨ ‘past’.

pa- Noun prefix indicating a close social relationship. pakɨ́tɛ́ŋ Father-in-law of a man, a relationship established by the giving of a cow (SN). pakɛ́rr Mother-in-law of a man, a relationship established by the giving of a sheep; affinal female relatives of the same age as the mother-in-law (SN). pasɨnáɨ Beloved (SN).

páa conj. So. Nétií apá, kʉlɔ́ mʉ́rran -- páa kéjō, ɛ́máapɛ́ enjóré. Long time ago there were these warriors -- so they said, "Let's go for raids.". Népōnū ɛnâ dúóó áŋ áaɨrrag páa kɛ́ɛnɨ́ mɛtábaɨkɨ́ inkíshú ɨnkɛjɛ́k. They come to that home to sleep and tomorrow the cow's legs are tied. See: paɛ́ ‘So that’; payíé ‘So that’; peê ‘So that’.

pááâ ideo. Sound made by rain. Ejóíto ɛncán pááâ. The rain is saying "paaa".

a-paác [North] v. [North] To make a trip late in the day.

a-paacaá [North] v.dir. [North] To go (on a long journey) late in the afternoon.

a-paacɨkɨ́ [North] v.dat. [North] To head for somewhere late in the day.

m-páac [North] [North] Nom sg: m-páác. n. 1 • [North] Room, space.

2 • [North] A break, rest. See: a-paác [North] ‘To make a trip late in the day’; ɛm-páash ‘Detour’.

a-paacá [North] v.mid. 1 • [North] To be different. Kɛ́paáca. It is different.

2 • [North] To be assymetric.

áa-paacɛrɛ [North] v.pl. [North] To pass one another on the way.

páácɛ̂ [North] n. [North] An in-law to whom a calf is given as part of the bridewealth. See: paáshē ‘Relationship term’.

m-páándɛ̂ [North] [North] Nom sg: paadɛ́. n. [North] Knife, strapped to the wrist and used as a weapon.

páápá Nom sg: páapa. voc. Father; father's brother. Emúíta Páapa lâî néjo olekitarrí ɛtɛ́ɛ́kʉ́nyɛ encotó nábō. My father is sick and the doctor said that one of his sides is paralyzed. (W). A man cannot marry any female offspring, in any generation, whose ancestry can be traced back to páápá.

paárná [North] [North] Nom sg: páarná. n. [North] One who shares the same given name; namesake.

ɛm-paás [South] Nom sg: ɛm-páas. Acc pl: ɨm-paasí. Nom pl: ɨm-páasí. n. [South] Dam. See: ol-túrótó ‘Dam’.

l-paás [North] [North] Nom sg: l-páas. [North] Acc pl: l-paasí. [North] Nom pl: l-páasí. n. [North] Fruit juice, as made from l-pʉʉsan (a fruit), ságaram (acacia pods), and blood.

a-paásh [North]: a-paác. v.prog. 1 • To avoid by making detour; bypass. Kápáásharɛ́ nánʉ́. I will avoid coming into contact with him. Ɨ́ntapaashá ɨlashɔ́ eúlulû amʉ̂ kɛ́sʉlakíno. Prevent the calves from getting near the valley because they will fall into it.

2 • To differ, be different.

a-ɨtapaásh v.cause. 1 • To cause to avoid.

2 • To exchange. See: a-lám ‘To move away from’.

a-paashá v.mid. To be different.

a-paashaá v.dir. To go away avoiding.

a-paasharɛ́ v.dir v.inst. To avoid, abstain from.

a-paasharɨ́ v.dir v.mid. 1 • To be separated.

2 • To be different, distinguished from.

ɛm-páash n. 1 • Place where people pass without meeting; detour.

2 • Open space (e.g. between hills), gap.

3 • Room or space to move.

ɨm-paashát n.pl. Fortnight. See: ɔl-ápa ‘Moon, month’; ɨl-apaitín ‘Months’.

paáshē n. Relationship term; used when the a-imál gift is a male calf. See: ɔl-áshê ‘Male calf’; a-imál ‘To give a gift to a new wife’.

ɔl-pááshíé Variant: ɔl-pááshé; pááshí. Nom sg: ɔl-paashíé. Acc pl: il-paáshen. Nom pl: il-páashén. n. 1 • Large main fence, eg. around a kraal. ɔƆ-pááshíé is normally made from thorn bushes, but could be made of other bushes, wire, etc. aisúr olpááshíé metúpukú ɔlasʉráí To prod the fence so that the snake will get out (K). Kaún ɔlpááshé arɨ́sh olcáámpa láí wóle Tinkóī I will put up a fence to separate my land from Tinkoi's. (K).

ɔl-pááshíé

2 • Gap in a fence; Gap in a fence. See: ɨn-kɨkʉ́ ‘fencing branches’.

3 • Place inside the kraal where there are no houses. See: ɛn-kɨ́kárrɛ́t; e-sitá ‘Fence’; kióni ‘Fence’; úátá ‘Fence’.

a-paashɨpaashá v. To vary.

a-pác [North] v. [North] To go through (eg. a fense).

a-pacaá [North] v.dir. [North] To obtain sth. through a third party.

a-pacʉ́ [North] v.dir. 1 • [North] To pierce through.

2 • [North] To force one's way through some obstacle.

m-pácac [North] [North] Nom sg: m-pacác. n. Caralluma gracilipes. [North] Edible stems from the Caralluma gracilipes plant.

padán Nom sg: pádān. [West] Acc sg: pádán. adj. 1 • Having the quality of being skilled, able to perform one's job well. Ɛɨshɔɔ́kɨ enkitók padán tɛ yɨɛratá ó loshoró ɔlɛ́kɔ́ɨ́síááyíó. The woman skilled in cooking porridge was paid a salary.

2 • Having the quality of being a "good shot" or sharp-shooter. Ɛshɔmɔ́ ɔlpáyian pádān aŋór iŋúési. The man who is skilled in shooting has gone to hunt wild animals. Mátorik ɨ́lɔ̂ mʉ́rráni ɔlárrabal amʉ̂ pádán. [ɪ̀lɔ̀ ... àmʊ̂ pàdàn] Let's take that warrior to war because he is a sharp-shooter. (W). Ɛ́rá pádán. He/she is a sharp-shooter. (always) (W). Pádán ɛlɛ́ mʉ́rrani. This warrior is a sharp-shooter. (but perhaps on just one occasion) (W). Pádán kʉlɔ́ mʉ́rrân. These warriors are sharp-shooters. (W). a-ɨpadán: ‘To be a "good shot"’.

ɔl-pádírí Acc pl: il-padiriní, il-padriní. n. Priest, Catholic priest. Borrowed word: Swahili padre < Portuguese padre.

paɛ́ adv. 1 • So that.

2 • Certainly. Kálō paɛ́ arinyú nkíshú. (i) I will go so that I can bring the cows back. (SN) (ii) I will certainly go and bring be cows back. (SN). Kálō paɛ́ arinyú inkíshú. I will certainly go and bring the cows back. (Pk).

3 • Need, obligation. Kálō paɛ́ arinyú inkíshú peê elopokiní inkɛ́ra. I need to go and bring the cows so that the children can get milk. (Pk). See: payîê ‘So that’; peê ‘So that’.

l-páɛgɨ̂ [North] Variant: l-payág. Nom sg: l-páɛgɨ̂. Acc pl: l-páɛ̂g. Nom pl: l-paɛ́g. n. [North] Maizecob; (one) maize seed; maize plant. Kéísúpat alɛ́ páegî. This maize is good. (SN). Káshám lpáēg linónō I like your maize. (SN). Kóóto lpaég. The maize is ripe. (SN). See: ɔl-páékí ‘Maize’.

ɔl-páékí Nom sg: ɔl-paekí. Acc pl: ɨl-páɛ̂k. Nom pl: ɨl-paɛ́k. [North] Acc sg: l-páɛgɨ̂. Variant: páegi. n. Maize. Ɛnyɛ́ɨ́ta ɛncɛ́rɛrɛ́t olpáékí. The monkey is eating the maize. (W). Ɛnyɛ́ɨ́ta ɨncɛ́rɛrɛtɨ́ ɨlpáɛk. The monkey is eating the maize. (W).

ɔl-páékí

pága [North] Nom sg: págâ. n.sg. [North] Communal restricted land where no one is allowed to graze his cows. Restriction is temporary to allow grass to grow for later consumption when there is draught; fallow land. See: ɛn-kɔ́p ‘Land, field’; ɔl-ɔkɛrɨ́ ‘Personal restricted land’.

ɛm-págâg n. Strong thirst that requires frequent drinking of water.

l-págas [North] Nom sg: l-págâs. Acc pl: l-págasí. n. [North] White soil, usually used by warriors or elders on special occasions to smear on their faces; may also be used by women as a source of mineral when pregnant. See: ɛnk-ɔɨbɔtɨ́ ‘White soil’; en-túrótó ‘Chalk’.

Pagasi n.prop. Name of a place on or near the Inkurman Escarpment, Narok District, Kenya.

l-págásíí [North] Nom sg: l-pagasíí. Acc pl: l-pagási. Nom pl: l-págásí. n. [North] Servant; worker hired primarily for manual laborer. This word may have colonial connotations. Kógól lpagasíí óturr lárîâk. The worker who digs wells is strong. (SN). Káshám kʉlɔ̂ pagási amʉ̂ kéísupáti. I like these workers because they are good. Kéínaúrɨtâ lpágásí olêŋ. The workers are really tired. (SN). Etymology: < Swahili.

nk-áɨ́parr [North] n. [North] Day after tomorrow.

a-paipayán [North] v. [North] To caress, fondle. See: n-kɨ́páɨ́páyata [North] ‘A Caress’.

em-páka n. Cat. Borrowed word: Swahili mpaka 'cat'. Usage: See dialect variants at:. See: em-puús ‘Cat’.

ɛm-pákááí Acc pl: ɨm-pakaaní. n. Narrow swampy area.

a-pakás v. To flatter, coax.

m-pákas [North] [North] Nom sg: m-pákâs. [North] Acc pl: m-pakasí. [North] Nom pl: m-pákasí. n. [North] Limestone. This is used ritually by diviners. See: l-áɨs [North] ‘Diviner’.

ol-pákáséí Acc pl: il-pakasi. [North] Acc sg: l-págásíí. [North] Acc pl: l-pagási. n. 1 • Porter, s.o. who carries luggage.

2 • Someone who works for almost no pay.

3 • Servant. Etymology: < Swahili pagasi 'porter'.

pakérr Nom sg: pákerr. Acc pl: ɨ-nɔɔ́ pakérr. Nom pl: ɨ-nɔ́ɔ pakérr. n. 1 • Term of address used by a man for his mother-in-law (to whom a sheep is due). Ɛshɔmɔ́ dúóó pákérr oloinyaŋí. My mother-in-law has gone to the market. This term can be used for the age-mates of one's mother-in-law (those married by one's father-in-law's age-set). See: nk-aʉtáni [North] ‘Female in-law’; en-kérr ‘Sheep’.

2 • The woman to whom a man has given an ewe, or vice versa. Usage: rare.

3 • [North] Other female in-law.

pakíné [North] Nom sg: pákíne. n. 1 • The relationship term used when the a-imál gift is a goat.

2 • [North] Brother's wife (to whom a goat is due). See: a-imál ‘To give a gift to a new wife’.

pakɨ́tɛ́ŋ Nom sg: pákɨtɛŋ. Acc pl: ɨ-lɔɔ́ pakɨ́tɛ́ŋ. Nom pl: ɨ-lɔ́ɔ pakɨ́tɛ́ŋ. [North] Nom sg: pákɨ́tɛ́ŋ. n.voc. 1 • n.voc. Term of address for the person that one has given a cow or vice versa; very close friend. Káló ashʉlarɛ́ pakɨ́tɛ́ŋ láí. I am going to live with my friend. (Pk). Néjî ɨ́nâ ɔlɔ́ŋ pakɨ́tɛ́ŋ, amʉ̂ ɛ́táá naá eíshórétekí entítō. That day it is said [ie. they will call each other] pakɨ́tɛ́ŋ, because they have given each other a daughter.

2 • n. The relationship established by giving a cow.

3 • n. [North] Father-in-law, to whom a cow is due.

pakuoóo [North] n. [North] Brother's wife, to whom a calk is due.

pakwó n. The term used when the a-imál gift is a young goat or sheep. See: a-imál ‘To give a gift to a new wife’.

a-pál v. 1 • To cease, leave off, stop doing sth. Tápala entolôî. Stop being angry (wild). (Pk). Entómónísho doí námitikí kʉlɨ́káɨ́ máréíta ɛpal inkíshú mɛ́mɨ́ra. It is because of the many children that some families cannot avoid selling cows. (lit: It is having many children that prevents other families from stopping to sell cows.) (Pk).

2 • To leave, leave alone. Káápál táatá. I will leave you now. (SN). Kápál alɛ̂ tuŋáni éítû aráré táatá. I will leave this person before I fight him now. (SN).

3 • [North] To drop a matter.

a-palaá v.dir. 1 • To allow sth. to disappear out of neglect; abandon, squander. Kápáláâ alɛ̂ shaní motúá katúkûl. I will let this tree die completely. (SN).

2 • To forego.

3 • To leave alone.

a-ɨtapál v.cause. 1 • To make s.o. leave sth.; withdraw.

2 • [North] To prevent s.o. from accomplishing sth. by constant interruptions; pester. See: a-iŋuaá ‘To leave’.

m-páláí [North] [North] Nom sg: m-paláí. [North] Acc pl: m-pála. [North] Nom pl: m-pálâ. n. 1 • [North] Letter.

2 • [North] Sheet of paper.

ɛm-palakái Acc pl: ɨm-palaká. n. Nappier grass.

a-palakɨ́ Variant: a-palɨkɨ́. v. 1 • To leave to.

2 • To forgive. Káápálɨ́kɨ anâ síle nɨ́mɨ́ndɨm ataláa. I will forgive you this debt which you cannot pay. (SN).

3 • [North] To allow sth.

ɛm-pálákínó n. 1 • Forgiveness of a single offence or wrongdoing; release; forfeiture (eg. of a contest to s.o. else); leaving of sth. for s.o. else to do.

2 • The abandonment a contest to s.o. else; leaving sth. for s.o. else to do. See: a-pál ‘To cease’.

ɛm-pálákínore n. Forgiveness of a wrongdoing or sin. See: a-pál ‘To cease’.

em-pálákínotó [North] Acc sg: m-palakínotó. [North] Nom sg: m-palakínotó. n. Forgiveness. mpálákínotó eé ŋók The forgiveness of sin (SN). Note: [mpálákínòtó èé ŋ̤ók] See: a-pál ‘To cease’.

m-pálantɛ́t [North] [North] Nom sg: m-pálantɛ́t. [North] Acc pl: m-palantetí. [North] Nom pl: m-pálantetí. n. [North] Leather spear scabbard. See: tápátɛ̂ [North] ‘Scabbard’.

a-palarí v.dir v.mid. To give up.

ɛm-palaróti Nom sg: ɛm-pálaróti. Acc pl: ɨm-palarót. Nom pl: ɨm-pálarot. n. 1 • Bad thing.

2 • Sth. left alone.

ɛm-pálátá Nom sg: ɛm-palatá. Acc pl: ɨm-palát. Nom pl: ɨm-palát. n. Abstention. mpálátá ɛ́nyátá ɛɛ́ nkírí The abstaining from eating meat (SN).

ɛm-páldaka Nom sg: ɛm-páldáka. Acc pl: ɨm-paldakaní. Nom pl: ɨm-páldakaní. n. Sore, wound.

ɛm-páleki Nom sg: ɛm-páléki. Acc pl: ɨm-palekiní. Nom pl: ɨm-pálekiní. n. Species of very poisonous plant with many large leaves, and which somewhat resembles ɛnábóóí. If cows eat it along with grass, they die very rapidly. Often grows in old abandoned homesteads. datura stramonium. Kɛ́yā ɛmpáléki inkíshú tɛnɛ́nya. Datura will kill cows if they feed on it. See: ɛn-ábóóí ‘Plant (sp.)’.

a-palɨkɨ́ v. To forgive. See: a-palakɨ́ ‘To forgive’.

ɛm-palísh Nom sg: ɛm-pálīsh. Acc pl: ɨm-palishîn. Nom pl: ɨm-pálishîn. n. Vagina. See: ɛm-balísh; en-túdé ‘Vagina’.

pálteko [North] Variant: pɛ́ltɛkɔ. [North] Nom sg: pálteko, pɛ́ltɛ́kɔ. n. [North] Red-chested cuckoo. Cuculus solitarius. This bird sings a three-note song when it is going to rain; hence, its popular name "rain bird".

ɛm-palúa Acc pl: im-paluaní. n. Potato-like fruit of the ol-torotua bush, much loved by elephants.

palût Nom sg: pálut. Acc pl: palúti. Nom pl: pálutí. [North] Acc sg: palút. [North] Nom sg: pálut. [North] Acc pl: palúti. [North] Nom pl: páluti. adj. 1 • Desperate.

2 • [North] Lazy (of people). Usage: archaic. See: a-pál ‘To cease’.

a-palutú [North] v.incep. [North] To become lazy.

ɔl-pámba Acc pl: ɨl-pámbaɨ́. n. Cotton. Etymology: < Swahili pamba.

pamóŋó [North] [North] Nom sg: pámóŋó. n. [North] An in-law to whom one gives an ox.

a-panaá [North] v.dir. [North] To find (s.o. or sth.) in a place long before you arrive.

a-panarɨ́ [North] Variant: a-ponarɨ́. v.dir v.mid. [North] To increase. See: a-pɔ́n ‘To add, increase’.

ɔ́l-pánâs Acc pl: ɨ́l-pánásî. n. Duiker. cephalophinae.

paníjo [North] n. [North] Why? Etymology: payie + n- + 2sg + jo 'say'.

ɔl-pánka Nom sg: ɔl-pánkâ. Acc pl: il-pankai. [North] Acc sg: l-pangai. Variant: l-pánkān (SN). n. Machete, panga. Kéísupáti kʉlɔ́ |ycpánkān lɛ́ lɛdʉ́ka. The machetes from this shop are good. (SN). Káshám lpánkān lɛ́ lɛdʉ́ka. I like the pangas from this shop. (SN). Borrowed word: Swahili panga. See: o-sínjā ‘Machete’.

pankérá [North] n. [North] The term used when the a-imál gift is a sheep. See: a-imál ‘To give a gift to a new wife’.

pankɛrrá [North] n. [North] An in-law to whom one gives sheep.

a-paŋá [North] n. [North] To have a swollen stomach (from illness or from eating too much); be bloated.

m-páŋá [North] n. [North] Ostrich. See: ɛ-sídáí ‘Ostrich’.

papâ Variant: pápá. Nom sg: pápâ. [North] Acc sg: papâ, paápa. [North] Nom sg: pápâ. [North] Acc pl: ɔɔ́papâ. [North] Nom pl: ɔ́ɔpapâ. [Chamus] Nom sg: pápa. n. 1 • My father; primarily used vocatively (in the Nominative).

2 • Father; evokes an intimate relationship. Nɨnyɛ́ eomón ɔmɛtáa kéyíólo áajo papâ lɛnyɛ̂. He [God] is the one they worship until they know that he is their father. papâ linó your father.

papaí Nom sg: pápaí. n. Father. Kérūk ɨlMaasáɨ́ ɛntálɨ́pá ɛ papaí linó. Maasai scrutinize the historical background of your father. (KS).

ɨl-pápɨ́t lɛ́ nkɔŋʉ́ Nom sg: ɨl-papɨ́t lɛ́ nkɔŋʉ́. Acc pl: ɨl-papɨ́t lɔɔ́ nkɔnyɛ́k. Nom pl: ɨl-papɨ́t lɔ́ɔ̄ nkɔnyɛ́k. n. Eye lashes.

ɔl-pápɨ́tá Nom sg: ɔl-papɨtá. Acc pl: ɨl-pápɨ́t. Nom pl: ɨl-papɨ́t. [North] Acc sg: l-páɨ́tā. n. Hair of the body or head (of humans); fur (of animals). Óre peê kɨbarnʉ́ ɨlpápɨ́t lo lmelíl, níkiduŋuduŋ. When we shave hair from the neck, we shall cut it into pieces.

ɨl-pápɨ́t lɛ́ nkɔŋʉ́ Eye brow. See: ɨl-ɛ́nyɔ́k ‘Tail hair of certain animals’.

papú voc. 1 • Referent term used by a man for his mother's brother's daughters; or by a woman for her father's sister's sons; cross cousin.

2 • Referent term used by a woman for her mother's sister's son. Though this woman may call her male cousin papú, this male cousin will call her sɛ́nkɛ.

3 • Referent term used for a man's maternal uncles. ɨlɔɔ́ papú those uncles. See: sɛ́nkɛ ‘Parallel cousin’.

a-papúl v. To be confused; be in disarray.

a-ɨtapapúl To cause confusion to. Ɛgɨ́ra ɨltʉŋaná áaɨtapapul ɔlɨkâɨ̂ tɔ lárrábal. The people are throwing the other into confusion. (Pk). See: a-ɨtaalán ‘To confuse’.

par- Noun prefix forming a term of address. Parmúain One of many colors; a traditional term of address for God. See: pa- ‘Prefix for term of address’.

a-pará v. To 'borrow,' without promising to return. Káataparaná. He has borrowed from me. (S). See: a-isilén ‘To borrow’.

l-páráâ [North] [North] Nom sg: l-páráâ. [North] Acc pl: l-paraaní. [North] Nom pl: l-páraaní. n. [North] Plant of the genus Euphorbia. Euphorbia.

l-párakuní [North] Acc pl: l-párākuo. n. [North] Rich person.

párákúóísho [North] n. [North] Wealth. Párákúóísho náítulubó. It is wealth that has made him/her greedy. (SN). See: ɛn-kársísisho ‘Wealth’.

ɔl-párákuoní Nom sg: ɔl-parákuoní. Acc pl: ɨl-párakuo. Nom pl: ɨl-párákuo. [North] Acc sg: l-párakuní. [North] Acc pl: l-párākuo. n. Rich man (in anything); cattle keeper.

m-párákuɔní [North] [North] Nom sg: m-parákuɔní. [North] Acc pl: m-párakuo. [North] Nom pl: m-parákuo. n. 1 • [North] Cow, cattle. Usage: esp. in plural.

2 • [North] Rains and plenty, a good gift from God.

a-parakuonú [North] v.incep. [North] To become rich (usually in animals).

ɨl-Parakúyo Variant: ɨl-párakuo; ol-Paraguyu. n.pl. Name of a Maasai section, commonly written as Baraguyu or Barakuyu. Mol (1996: 43) writes: "The Baraguyu...are the most southern of the Maa-speaking peoples. They number about 35,000 and live spread out in various parts of eastern Tanzania. They are semi-sedentary cattle-keepers. In language, cultural traits and social organization they are closely connected to other Maasai il-óshōn, sections. To their surrounding Bantu neighbors they call themselves Maasai. Their main habitat lies to the south of the Maasai area in Tanzania....The Maasai reckon them to belong to the Lokop, ie. Maa speakers who practice a degree of agriculture. Authors like Th. Beidelman, A. Hurskainen and U. von Mitzlaff have written specifically about the il-parakuyo and aspect of their culture and social organization. Peter Rigby has given us the most complete insights into Parakuyo society.". KS:2 says this is a fairly new term (about 10 years old). They are usually called lumbwa (or i-lúmpūā) 'dog-people'.

em-Parakuyoi See: il-adoín ‘Baraguyu, Paraguyu’; Lokop ‘Pastoral, Maa-speaking peoples’; ol-oshô ‘Section’.

a-parán v. 1 • To go see, visit.

2 • To go visit s.o. to request help. Káló aparán laláshɛ láí. I will go visit my brother to ask him for help. (SN). Káparána. I have been visited to ask for help (eg. to make a contribution to a fundraiser). (SN).

m-páran [North] [North] Nom sg: m-párân. [North] Acc pl: m-páranî. [North] Nom pl: m-paráni. n. 1 • [North] Friend, usually of the same age-set.

2 • [North] Milk which a wife saves for her husband while he is away. See: ɔl-cɔrɛ́ ‘Friend’; o-sótúá ‘Relative’.

páran [North] [North] Nom sg: párân. [North] Acc pl: párani. [North] Nom pl: páráni. n. aló páran to go begging (for food, cows, money, clothes, etc.).

l-parapará [North] [North] Acc pl: l-paraparân. n. [North] Clay container previously used by elders to store meat and fat through the dry season. It can store a considerable portion of the meat of a slaughtered goat.

ɛm-parária n. Bluishness of the sky that tends to make the hills and plains blue; haze. See: ɛn-kɨnʉkʉ́ ‘Mist’.

ɛm-páraríá n. A lining that is caused by mist that prevents visibility.

L-parasɔ́rɔ [North] [North] Nom sg: L-párasɔ́rɔ. n. [North] A clan within the L-másʉ́lá phratry.

l-párasɔ́rɔ [North] n. [North] Bush sp. Cadaba farinosa.

m-paratût [North] [Chamus] Acc sg: m-partût. n. [North] Wife. See: en-kitók ‘Woman, wife’; e-ŋóroyioni ‘Wife’.

ɛm-párbál n. One herd of many cows. See: bɔɔ́ ‘Herd’.

pardác [North] [North] Nom sg: párdâc. [North] Acc pl: pardací. [North] Nom pl: l-párdacîn. n. [North] Lowest lumbar region of humans.

L-pardʉpá [North] [North] Nom pl: L-párdʉpá. n. [North] A clan in the L-orokicu phratry.

ɛm-párɛ̂t Nom sg: ɛm-parɛ́t. Acc pl: ɨmparɛta. n. Field, garden. Kóre peê iló amɨ́r inchereretí tɛ mparɛ́t, nírík ɨ́lɔ̂ dîâ sápʉk. [ìlɔ̀] When you go to chase the monkies from the garden, you take that big dog with you. (W). Borrowed word: Kalenjin. See: ɛm-parnɛt ‘Field’.

im-páretí n.pl. Crops. Ɛshɔmɔ́ ɨnkɛ́râ áaɨmalmal ɔmɛtáa nɛ́ɨ́nɔ́s inkíshu impáretí ɔɔ́ltʉŋanak. The children have gone and played around until the cows ate people's crops. (W).

em-párinko n.prop. 1 • Lake Baringo.

2 • Lake. See: ɛ-naɨpɔ́sha; ɛ-sʉ́kʉta ‘Lake’; ɔl-bálbál ‘Pool, lake’; m-básu [North] ‘Lake’; ol-túrótó ‘Puddle, lake’.

ɛm-párínkóí₁ n. Lake. See: ɛ-naɨpɔ́sha ‘Lake’.

m-párínkóí [North] [North] Nom sg: m-parinkóí. n. 1 • [North] Solo dance performed by a warrior.

2 • [North] Tapping of the foot (as to such a dance).

a-parɨpár v. To break, fracture, crush.

m-párkɨ́jɨ [North] Variant: m-párkíji. [North] Nom sg: parkɨ́jɨ. Variant: m-paarkíji; m-parkéji. n.sg. 1 • [North] Daylight, daytime.

2 • [North] Afternoon. See: ɛn-dáma ‘Daytime’; ɔŋán ‘Daytime’.

parkíji [North] adv. [North] In the afternoon.

parméyian [North] Nom sg: pármeyíán. n. [North] Can for watering livestock; can also be used to make meat soup.

parmúá [North] voc. [North] Term of endearment (lit: my matching colour pattern). See: e-múá ‘Color’.

Parmúain Nom sg: Pármuain. Acc pl: ɨlɔɔ́ parmúain. Nom pl: ɨlɔ́ɔ̄ parmúain. n.prop. Usage: vocative. A traditional name for God: "One of many colors", or the one who owns, or is in control of, many situations, seasons, circumstances of life. Óre ɛnKáí náa kéji Parmúain. God is called "The one of so many colors.". This name refers to the multi-faceted nature of the traditional view of God: (S)He can bring rain and blessing, can bring death, can bring punishment, can be kind and compassionate, can bring trouble and be mean, and knows all things and all situations. Keswe Mapena writes: Parmúain indicates that God is able to cause anything of any colour to happen or to come to existence. God is in charge of all seasons: dry season mostly signified by dry brown bushes, grass and trees that have shed all their leaves and the animals that are poor in health; the wet season signified by green grass, bushes and flowering shrubs, trees that have green leaves, and animals that are generally healthy and giving birth to new animals. In all situations, the people are simply telling God that "You are in charge of everything, and have the power to change every shade/colour of life." The people are asking for God's help, for example, especially to change a bad situation. This term is never used with reference to people. See: e-múá ‘Color’.

m-párnas [North] [North] Nom sg: m-párnâs. n. [North] Dik-dik species. Madoqua. See: n-toló [North] ‘Suni (antelope)’.

a-parnát v. To make permanent home at; settle.

ɛm-párnat Nom sg: ɛm-párnât. Acc pl: ɨm-párnatí. Nom pl: ɨm-párnatí. [North] Nom pl: m-parnatí. n. Permanent village. M-Párnat is also a place-name in the north Samburu area.

l-páro Nom sg: l-párô. n.sg. Type of song and dance characterized by jumping. The dancing is performed only by morans, though young women will sing and provide the rhythm. Lpáro is for entertainment, done at dances and weddings.

a-parpár [North] v. [North] To smear (eg. the body with oil). See: a-ɛ́l ‘To smear’.

m-parpár [North] n. [North] Mud. See: ol-okídoŋôî; ɛ-sarŋáb ‘Mud’; o-sordó ‘Silt’.

m-parpárr [North] [North] Nom sg: m-párparr. [North] Acc pl: m-parparrí. [North] Nom pl: m-párparrí. n. [North] Clay. May be used to make earthen pots.

parsaí n.prop. One of tradational Maa names for God: The one who is to be worshiped, prayed to, beseeched, sacrificed to. See: a-saí ‘To pray’.

parsaláash [North] Nom sg: pársaláash. n. [North] Buffalo. See: ɔl-árrɔ; ol-ósowuan; ol-ósokuan ‘Buffalo’; l-máaca; l-núnukó [North] ‘Buffalo’.

Parsálôî [North] [North] Nom sg: Pársaloi. n. [North] Barsaloi.

Parsarúni [North] n. [North] God our refuge (a traditional name for God). See: a-sarʉ́ ‘To seek help’.

L-parsipianí [North] [North] Acc pl: L-parsípia. [North] Nom pl: L-pársípia. n. [North] A clan within the L-másʉ́lá phratry.

m-partút [North] voc n. [North] One's wife; wife of one's age-mate. Mpartút, ówéni! Wife, come here! (SN). mpartút ɛnyɛ́ his wife (SN). Usage: m-partút is a very traditional name for a married woman, though it might possibly be rude for a young person to use it with reference to one's mother or an older grandmother. n-kitók is possibly more polite.. Syn: en-kitók ‘Woman’.

a-parʉ́ [North] v. [North] To remember. See: a-damʉ́ ‘To remember’.

m-pârr [North] Variant: m-párr. [North] Nom sg: m-pârr. n. [North] Day (24 hours). ínîâ pârr [ìnìà pâr] that day (SN). See: m-párrí [North] ‘Day’; ɛnk-ɔlɔ́ŋ ‘Day, sun’; ɛn-dámā ɔ́ ɛn-kɛwaríé ‘Day’. Etymology: Proto-Ongamo-Maa *-par- 'day' (Vossen 1989:198), from Proto-Eastern Nilotic *-paran 'day(time)' (Vossen 1982:352).

anapârr [North] Today, this day.

nk-áɨ́ pârr Day after tomorrow. Kópuonú nkáɨ́ pârr. They will come the day after tomorrow. (SN).

párra [North] [North] Stunted, born prematurely.

a-parraá [North] v.dir. [North] To remember of recall sth. from long ago. See: a-damʉ́ ‘To remember’.

a-parrʉ́ [North] 1 • [North] To remember.

2 • [North] To think, cogitate. See: a-jó ‘To think, hold an opinion’.

a-parrapárr [North] v. [North] To smear sth. (eg. ochre) on s.o.'s body.

m-parratût [North] [North] Nom sg: m-párratût. n. Usage: familiar term, used mostly by husband. [North] Wife. nápárratût Wife! (vocative).

m-párrí [North] [North] Nom sg: m-parrí. [North] Acc pl: m-perót. [North] Nom pl: m-perót. Variant: m-parritín. [Chamus] Acc sg: párrɨ́. n. [North] A day (usually including both the hours of sunlight and dark). Káshám aná párrí. [àná pàrì] I like this day. (SN). Kéísúpat aná parrí. This day is good. (SN). Kéísupáti kʉná perót. These days are good. (SN). Mayíólo mpárrí nálótú. I don't know the day that I will come. (SN). See: ɛnk-ɔlɔ́ŋ ‘Day’.

párrɨ́maŋat Nom sg: parrɨ́maŋat. n. Newness, state of being new or temporary, eg. the first few days of being in a new place, the first few days of a job, the initial period with a new leader. Párrɨ́maŋat has a sense of uncertainty, as aspects of the situation may not yet be totally clear.

m-párrí-maŋát [North] [North] A new homestead.

a-parrɨpárr v. 1 • To smash, crush, fracture. Nɛ́parrɨ́pār ɔlórīkā. He destroyed/splintered/smashed the chair. [eg. by throwing it against the wall].

2 • To break.

a-parrʉ́ [North] v.prog. [North] To remember. Kátápárrúá ŋolé. I remembered it yesterday. (SN). Kápárrɨ́ta. I am remembering it (eg. I am in the act of doing it). (SN). See: l-kɨparrʉ́ [North] ‘Remembrance; memories’. Syn: a-damʉ́ ‘To remember’.

l-parruâî [North] [lparrwâî] Nom sg: l-párruai. Acc pl: l-parrúá. Nom pl: l- párrua. n. 1 • [North] Doum palm. Hyphaene coriacea. This is the only palm which is branching.

2 • [North] Non-branching palm. Kɔ́ɔdɔ́ alɛ́ párruai. This palm tree is tall. (SN). Kádɔ́lɨ́ta lparrúá ɔɔ́ɔdɔ̂. I am seeing the palm trees that are tall. (SN). Mol 1996:327 lists ɔl-paruai/ol-piruai as the term for cycad, a palm-like tree: encephalartos hildebrandtii.

m-parrwâɨ̂ [North] [North] Palm leaf.

m-parrúnotó [North] [North] Nom sg: m-parrúnotó. [North] Acc pl: m-parrunót. [North] Nom pl: m-párrunót. n. 1 • [North] Thought.

2 • [North] Memory.

3 • [North] Good sense.

Pasaɨ́ Variant: Parsayé; Pasayé. Nom sg: Pásaɨ́. n.sg. Usage: endearment. God; the one to be beseeched. See: a-sáí ‘To pray’; ɛnk-áí ‘God’.

pasɨná áí Nom sg: pásɨná áí. Acc pl: ɨl-ɔɔ́ pasɨná áí. Nom pl: ɨl-ɔ́ɔ pasɨná áí. [North] Acc sg: pasɨnáɨ́. voc. Usage: endearment. Address form of endearment; Beloved! (lit: oh poor me). Pasɨnáɨ́ óú enê. My beloved, come here. (SN). Usage: Primarily used by morans and girls.. Some theologians hold the theory that the Maasai migrated from the Middle East, and are a section of the Jews. So they claim that the expression pasɨná áí referrs to the Maasai endearment for "Mt. Sinai", lit. "Oh Sinai". See: pasaɨ́ ‘The one to be beseeched; God’; ɔ-sɨná ‘Poverty’.

pasɨnâî [North] interj. [North] Great job! Attaboy! Way to go!

m-pasíon [North] n. [North] Deserted home. See: ol-muáátɛ ‘Deserted home’.

ɛ́m-pásô Variant: ɛ́m-pasô. Nom sg: ɛm-pásô. [North] Acc sg: m-páso. [North] Nom sg: m-pásô. [North] Acc pl: m-pasoí. [North] Nom pl: m-pásoí. n. 1 • Lake; large pool of water. Eturukúnye oréyiet ɔmɛtáa ɛ́mpásô ti oŋatá The river flowed until it formed a large pool of water on the plain.

2 • Low-lying rain clouds that normally look like mist; snow.

3 • [North] Traditional name of Lake Turkana. See: ɛn-ampáso ‘Lake’; m-básu ‘Lake’; ɛ-naɨpɔ́sha ‘Lake’.

l-pástáí [North] Nom sg: l-pastáí. Acc pl: ɨl-pastaní. Nom pl: ɨl-pástaní. n. [North] Pastor. Borrowed word: < English pastor.

m-pásʉ́gɛ́ [North] [North] Nom sg: m-pasʉgɛ́. n. [North] Large milking container used by the Rendille for camels' milk.

pasurútíâî [North] n. [North] Wife's sister, to whom a bracelet is due; sister-in-law.

l-páshátá [North] Nom sg: l-pashatá. n. 1 • [North] Tributary which connects with a larger system of potential water-courses, and which may or may not permanently contain water.

2 • [North] Hole in a cloth.

3 • [North] Series of problems a person experiences.

l-pasháti [North] Nom sg: l-páshati. Acc pl: l-pashát. Nom pl: l-pashát. n. [North] Tributary. See: l-kʉrán ‘Delta’.

a-pashɨpásh v. 1 • To be proud and haughty.

2 • [North] To repeatedly attempt to go through a fence or enclosure. [mbɔɔ́ láshê míncó eitokí apashɨpásh wúátá. Prevent the calf from going through the fence. (SN). See: a-ŋɨdá ‘To be proud’; a-masón ‘To be proud’.

ɛm-páta Nom sg: ɛm-pátâ. Acc pl: ɨm-pátaí. Nom pl: ɨm-pátaí. [North] Acc sg: m-báta. n. Duck.

patáwó [North] n. [North] The term used when the a-imál gift is a female calf. See: a-imál ‘To give a gift to a new wife’.

patɨpáta [North] [North] Nom sg: pátɨpáta. [North] Acc pl: patɨpataní. [North] Nom pl: pátɨpataní. adj. [North] Argumentative, quarrelsome, intimidating, tiresome.

m-patipátīcō [North] [North] Nom sg: m-patipátīcō. n. [North] Argumentative, contentious, cantankerous spirit.

a-patɨpatú [North] v.incep. [North] To become quarrelsome, tiresome, argumentative, intimidating.

l-pátírí [North] n. [North] Catholic priest; father.

pau ideo. Sound word indicating a hard hit. Páa kéítejo ɔlárínkóí tiáborí ɛnkalʉ́ɛ́na. Pau! So he did to [whacked] Olarinkoi below the ear. Pow!

l-páut [North] Nom sg: l-paút. n. [North] Meat mixed with blood and fat. See: ɨ-mʉnɔnɔ́ ‘Meat mixed with blood and fat’.

a-payáŋ [North] v. [North] To be obsessed for sth.

m-páyápáyan Variant: m-payapáyan. [North] Nom sg: m-payapáyan. n. 1 • [North] Enemies who are ready to attack but are sighted before they do that.

2 • Fleas. In at least some S areas, this apparently refers to fleas on chickens. When they get on people, they feel like a loose hair on the skin; hence the connection with the verb 'caress'. See: a-paipayán [North] ‘To caress’.

3 • Playful.

payé See: eé (payé) ‘Yes (of course)’.

ɔl-payíán Nom sg: ɔl-páyian. Acc pl: ɨl-payianí. Nom pl: ɨl-páyianí. n. 1 • Man past warrior-hood; elder.

Kélotú áŋ ɔlpáyīān. The man will come home. Káányɨt lpayíán. I will wait for the elder. (SN). This term refers to a man who is past the stage of being ɨl-kaɨrɨ́sh, and technically one who is married. The typical implication is that the man is advanced in age (40's-50's). The term may also be used by a young wife for her young husband as a sign of respect.

2 • Husband. Lɔ́ páyian, ôû ené. Husband/one of husband's age-set, come here!

ɛm-payíán Usage: derog. A belittled middle-aged to elderly man. See: en-kitók ‘Woman’; ɔl-móruo ‘Husband’.

payîê [North] conj. [North] So that, in order that, enabled result. Shɔ́mɔ atúá nkíshú payîê elotú nɨ́nyɛ. Go to the cows so that he [the person taking care of them now] can come. (SN). Kálō arinyú nkíshú payîê elotí nɨ́nyɛ. I will go and bring the cows so that the children can get milk. (SN). Táasa ntóki náájóki payîê ipók. Do what I tell you so that you may survive. (SN). See: peê ‘So that’.

a-pé [North] v. [North] To sweep dust off sth. with the fingers.

a-pɛ́ v.s. 1 • To be wild. Ɛpɛ́. It is wild. Ɛpɛ́ ɛndá kɨ́tɛŋ. That cow is wild. (W).

2 • To be troublesome.

3 • To be jittery. ɔtʉŋáni ɔpɛ́ person who is wild, troublesome, jittery.

a-peyú To become wild.

l-pɛ́cɛʉ [North]₂ [North] Nom sg: l-pɛcɛ́ʉ́. n. [North] Difficulty. See: pɛ́cɛʉ [North] ‘Uselessly’.

pɛ́cɛʉ [North]₁ adv. 1 • [North] In vain, uselessly.

2 • [North] Free of charge.

3 • [North] Hardly.

4 • [North] Worthless.

5 • [North] Almost not.

peê [North] Acc sg: peé. conj. 1 • So that, in order that. Wóū ɛnkáŋ âŋ tááisére peê áányʉ́. Come to our home tomorrow and so I will wait for you. (ie. I am specifically waiting at home for you to come.) (Pk). Ɨ́roríéki ɛnkʉ́tʉ́k ɔɔ́ lMáásâɨ̂ peê ayíólou. Speak to me in the Maasai language so that I learn. (W).

2 • When. Ɛ́ɨ́shɔ́ɔ́ apá ɔltʉ́ŋání ɔ́ya entítō ɔlapʉtáni ɛnkáshê peê erík entítō ɛnyɛ́. The bridegroom gave his in-law a heifer before marrying his daughter. (Pk).

3 • If.

4 • Result. ...peê ɛatáɨ̂ ɛnkɔ̂p najî ɨláíkípiak. ...that is why there is a place called Laikipiak.

óre peê When, after (introducing a clause).

kóre peé [North] [North] When (introducing a subordinate clause). See: paɛ́; payîê ‘So that’.

m-pɛɛ́ [North]₂ [North] Nom sg: m-pɛ́ɛ. [North] Acc pl: m-pɛɛ̂n. [North] Nom pl: m-pɛ́ɛn. n. 1 • [North] Outcropping of black volcanic rock hills, perhaps of the height of a high fence. Kéísupáti kʉná pɛ́ɛn olêŋ. These hills are very good. (SN).

2 • [North] Pumice (often found on volcanic escarpments).

ɔl-pɛɛ́₁ [North] Acc sg: l-pɛɛ́. [North] Nom sg: l-pɛ́ɛ. [North] Acc pl: l-pɛɛ̂n. [North] Nom pl: l-pɛ́ɛn. n. 1 • Crater.

2 • [North] Bed on which initiates are placed after they are circumcised (both males and females). See: l-korrór [North] ‘Bed’.

a-pɛɛk v. To tear. Syn: a-pɔlɔ́s ‘To tear’. See: a-kɨ́j ‘To tear’.

m-péépeen [North] Nom sg: m-peepéen. n. [North] Sign to show the presence of an enemy, eg. sighting of footprints.

a-peepeenó [South] v. [South] To loiter.

a-péj v.prog. To roast, bake, burn, burn down, burn up. Épéj. He will burn it. Épéj. He will burn it. (W). Epéjo. It is burning. (W). Epéjīshō táatá. He burns (things) today. (W). Kepejí inkírí tɛ olpejet. Meat is roasted at the meat-eating-place. Áíŋúáyie esoŋoúna ɔ́ɔ́ nkírí naápejitói. I smell the aroma of meat that is being roasted. (Pk). Etápéjóki ɛnaɨgára áatumoki. The ɛnaɨgára has been roasted nicely. (W). Ɛ́tápéjō ɨláyiok ɛlʉ́kʉ́nyá énkīnē áanya. The boys have burnt the goat's head for eating. Epéjīshō ɛnkɔ́lɔŋ. The sun burns. Usage: a-pɛ́j 'to burn, roast' implies a much greater degree of heat than does a-irowúá 'to heat, to warm'.. Etymology: Proto-Ongamo-Maa *-pej- 'burn, roast (v.)' (Vossen 1989:196). See: em-péjótó ‘Burning’; ol-pejét; ol-pûl ‘Meat-eating place’.

a-pejoó v.dir. To burn off, burn completely away, burn down.

ol-pejét Nom sg: ol-péjet. Acc pl: il-pejéta. Nom pl: il-péjetā. n. Temporary meat-roasting place, used for a day.

em-pejét Instrument for roasting. See: l-oikárr [North] ‘Meat-eating place’; ol-pûl ‘Meat-eating place’.

ol-pejóti Nom sg: ol-péjoti. Acc pl: il-pejót. Nom pl: il-péjot. n. Roasted meat.

em-péjótó Nom sg: em-pejotó. Acc pl: im-pejót. Nom pl: im-pejót. n. 1 • Burning.

2 • Burned pastureland.

pɛndɛ́ra [North] [North] Nom sg: pɛndɛra. n. [North] Flag unfurled on a warrior's spear. Etymology: < Swahili bendera.

péneu [North] Variant: pɛ́nɛʉ. adv. [North] Little bit, a bit. Ńtáshó péneu; mayíéu. Wait a little bit; let me come.

a-pɛ́ny v. To pierce the ear. Ɛ́pɛ́ny. He pierces it (ie. s.o.'s ear). (W). Ɛpɛ́nɨ̄shɔ̄. He pierces ears (in general). (W).

ɛm-pɛnyɛ́t Nom sg: ɛm-pɛ́nyɛt. Acc pl: ɨm-pɛnyɛ́ta. Nom pl: ɨm-pɛ́nyɛta. n. Earring.

pɛ́nyɔ₁ adv. 1 • In a small degree, less, slightly. Kɛ́jɨ̄ŋ aké ɔlkɨrɔbɨ inkíshú némūēyū pɛ́nyɔ néíshīū. Cold just enters cows and they become a bit sick and they recover. Kɛ́jɨ̄ŋ aké némūēyū pɛ́nyɔ néíshīū. It just entered them and they became a bit sick and they recovered.

2 • Unlikely. Pɛ́nyɔ doí nɛ́tɔn ɛɛtáɨ̄ ɔltʉŋáni láayíéū náaboitarê amʉ̂ atɔ́ŋúáa apá nanʉ́. It is unlikely there will be a person who wants to stay with me because I am rotten. (Pk). See: akɨ́tɨ ‘Slowly’.

ɛm-pɛ́nyɔ₂ Nom sg: ɛm-pɛ́nyô. n. Pierce.

ɔl-pepédoi Nom sg: ɔl-pépedôî. Acc pl: ɨl-pɛpɛ́dɔ. Nom pl: ɨl-pɛ́pɛdɔ. [North] Acc sg: l-pépédôî. [North] Nom sg: l-pépedôî. [North] Acc pl: l-pepédo. [North] Nom pl: l-pépedo. n. Scabies, mange.

ol-pepédôî 1 • Scaby.

2 • Nuisance.

a-pér v.prog. 1 • To sleep. Epéríto ɔlákúíyia lâî tɔ lóíp. My grandfather is sleeping under the shade. (W).

2 • To lie down. Kápéríto. I am sleeping. /I am lying down. (SN). See: m-pérótó ‘Lying down, sleeping’.

3 • [North] To die.

4 • [North] To continue in a given condition.

a-itepér v.cause. 1 • To set down.

2 • To lay aside, lay away.

a-períé [North] v.inst. [North] To sleep in a given manner.

a-peroó [North] v.dir. [North] To lodge overnight on a journey. See: a-ɨrʉrá ‘To sleep’; a-ɨrrág ‘To lie down, sleep’.

a-pɛrá v.mid. 1 • To run hopping, leaping and springing very fast; pronk. Ɛgɨ́ra enkóílií apɛrá aɨŋatá ɔlŋátúny. The gazelle is running away very fast from the lion. (Pk). Ɛtɛpɛ́rɛ aɨŋataá ɔlŋátúny. He ran pronking away from the lion. (Pk).

2 • [West] To bend or lean self; be in a prone position. Ɛtʉ́kʉ́tá ŋolé olárí ɨlpáɛ̂k ɔmɛtáa nɛ́pɛra. The rain blew the maize until they are bent. (W).

a-pɛrdɛ́d v. To tear into shreds. apɛrdɛ́d ɛnkɨlâ To tear the cloth.

em-perdédi Nom sg: em-pérdedi. Acc pl: ɨm-pɛrdɛ́d. Nom pl: ɨm-pɛrdɛ́d. n. 1 • Remnant; a torn cloth, group of people. Kɛ́tɔn apá ɛatáî ɛmperdédi ɛ́lɛ órere? Are there still remnants of those people?

2 • Shreds, tatters. Usage: plural. See: e-siapírdi ‘Tattered cloth’.

ɛm-pɛ́rɛ́ Nom sg: ɛm-pɛrɛ́. Acc pl: im-perríá. Nom pl: im-pérria. n. Spear (general). See: e-remét ‘Spear’; nyúlûâ [North] ‘Light-weight spear’; ɔl-ŋɛrrɛ́mpɛ ‘Short-blade spear’; l-búnat [North] ‘Very heavy metal spear’; pʉnat ‘Metal spear, Metal arrow with barbs’; ɔl-máóí ‘Twins; spears’; súkuntá [North] ‘Pokot; spear’; a-rém ‘To spear’.

ɛm-pɛ́rɛ́ séro A spear with a long spear head used by warriors for raids, lion hunting etc. (lit: black and brown spear).

ɛm-pɛ́rɛ́ ɛ́ pápá Small spindly plant with fine needle-like "leaves" (lit: spear of my father).

n-catá ɛ́ mpɛ́rɛ́ Spear shaft.

ol-péreré Nom sg: ol-pereré. Acc pl: il-pererení. Nom pl: il-pérerení. n. 1 • Structure constructed in a tree to store meat away from animals, used by warriors in the bush; arboreal meat cache.

2 • Grill constructed of sticks for roasting meat.

ol-pérésí Nom sg: ol-peresí. Acc pl: il-péres. Nom pl: il-pérês. n. n. Long "flowering" stem of various types of grass.

2 • n. Horse-tail grass. chloris roxburghiana Schult.

3 • n. [North] Grass blossom. See: ɛn-aimúrrúai; nk-amúrruakî ‘Star grass’; ɔl-gʉ́rmɛ́ ‘Bumper grass’; ɛn-kʉ́jɨ́tá ‘Grass’; l-áráá ‘Type of grass on banks of a river’; n-dálankúáni ‘Type of grass on sides of hills’; l-ɔ́lɨ́lɨ́ ‘Type of grass on abandoned homes’.

ol-perét Acc pl: il-peréta. Nom sg: ol-péret. Nom pl: il-péreta. n. 1 • War monger; troublesome person.

2 • [North] Man getting married before the stipulated time.

ém-pérî Nom sg: ém-pérî. Acc pl: im-périn. Nom pl: im-perín. n. Famine. See: ɔl-áméyú ‘Famine, hunger, drought, long dry season’.

l-périntâî [North] [North] Nom sg: l-périntâî. [North] Acc pl: l-périntá. [North] Nom pl: l-périntá. n. 1 • [North] Desert rose which is poisonous. Adenium obesum.

2 • [North] A deadly "poisonous" person.

m-perít [North] n. [North] Resting place for sheep away from their pen, normally outside the big kraal. See: sûm ‘sheep pen’.

peró [North] [North] Mouldy. Kóŋou peró. It smells mouldy. (SN).

l-pérórie [North] [North] Nom sg: l-perórie. [North] Acc pl: l-perórien. [North] Nom pl: l-péroríén. n. n. [North] Camp made for a single night.

2 • n. [North] A night's journey.

m-perót [North] n.pl. [North] Days. Etórónô nkíshu mperót uní. The cows have gone without water for three days. (SN). See: párrî ‘Day’.

m-pérótó [North] [North] Nom sg: m-perotó. [North] Acc pl: m-perót. [North] Nom pl: m-perót. n. 1 • [North] Lying down, sleeping.

2 • [North] Sleeping place. See: a-pér ‘To sleep’.

pɛ́rpɛr Nom sg: pɛ́rpɛ̂r. n.sg. 1 • Grazing around home.

2 • Grazing in the early morning and then bringing animals back home for milking in the mid-morning for milking. See: línka ‘The driving or herding of cattle at dawn to eat the grass when it is still dewy, and then bring them back later for milking.’; n-aulélen ‘Grazing around home’.

m-pésaí [North] n. [North] Money. Usage: For SN, m-pésaí is not as common as silinkiní.. Borrowed word: Swahili pesa 'money'.

pɛ́shɔ [North]: péshou. adj. 1 • No good, for nothing, to no purpose. Pɛ́shɔ doí íntáyu íyíé ɛná sayíɛ́t inó amʉ̂ imɨ́kɨ́patá kíní ɛntábóí naáíjó ɛnâ. It is useless for you to give your gift of appeasement, because you cannot be forgiven for such an evil. (Pk). Míntóki aɨtabúák oldíá tɛ woshotó ɛ́pɛ́shɔ. Stop causing the dog to bark by unnecessary beating. Ɛnyaáká oshî táatá enturoré ɔ́ ngumót asapukú pésho. There is an increase in the digging of holes with no apparent cause. (Pk). Pɛ́shɔ ɛndáa. That food is useless. (Pk). Péshou aná dáā. This food is useless. (SN).

2 • [North] For nothing, free. ntóki péshōū (i) sth. useless; (ii) sth. free.

ɛ-nɛpɛ́shɔ, lɛpɛ́shɔ 1 • That which is useless.

2 • That which is free. Nepéshou njéúnotó ɛ́ NKáí. (i) God's salvation is free. (SN) (ii) God's salvation is worthless. (SN).

a-pét v. 1 • To plaster a cow's udder with mud or dung (to keep the calves from sucking milk). Épét. She will plaster it. Etápétó. She smeared it. Kepéto. It is plastered with dung. (SN).

2 • [North] To glue up a leaky container.

3 • [North] To falsely accuse s.o. The meaning 'falsly accuse' is associated with the image of s.o. heaping sth. on another.

a-petipét 1 • To plaster repeatedly.

2 • To make a scar with a branding iron.

a-petokí To stick sth. somewhere (eg. a piece of paper on the wall).

a-pɛ́t v.prog. 1 • To keep close to. Ɛ́pɛ́t. He keeps close to it. (W).

2 • To lie on, lean on. Áapɛtɨtá. It is leaning on me. (S). Kápɛ́tɨ́ta. I am lying/leaning on sth./s.o.

3 • To side with s.o. (eg. in a difficult situation). Etymology: From Proto-Ateker, borrowed from Western Nilotic *-pɛt 'to spread'. (Ehret 2003:148. "Language Contacts in Nilo-Saharan Prehistory." Language Contacts in Prehistory, Studies in Stratigraphy, ed. by Henning Andersen, 135-157. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.).

a-pɛtaá 1 • To lie on sth. Ɛpɛtáa. He will lie on (sth.). Ɛpɛ́táa. He will lie on (sth.) (W). See: a-iricakinoó ‘To lean close to’.

2 • To sleep on sth.

3 • [North] To deny completely.

L-pɛtáa [North] [North] Nom pl: L-pɛ́taa. n.pl. Spencer (1965).[North] Age set initiated around 1809.

ɔl-pɛ́tɛ n. Finger ring. Kááta ɔlpɛ́tɛ tɔ lkímojíno ɔ́sʉjɨta ɛnkɨ́lintâ áí. I have a ring on the finger that follows my small finger. See: ol-gísoi ‘Finger ring’.

a-pɛtɨkɨ́ v. To hold down. Ɛpɛtɨ́kɨ. He will hold it down. Ɛpɛ́tɨ́kɨ.

m-péto [North] [North] Nom sg: m-pétô. n. [North] Slander. See: a-pét ‘To falsely accuse’.

em-peút Nom sg: em-péút. Acc pl: ɨm-peutí. Nom pl: ɨm-péutí. n. 1 • Ditch.

2 • [Purko] Trough. See: poút ‘Ditch, trough’; árāō.

m-peút [Chamus] n. [Chamus] Species of plant.

peyíê conj. So that.

pî adv. Completely; quite. Nɨ́kɨɨshʉ pî pî. We will finish completely. Syn: katʉ́kʉ̂l ‘Completely; quite’.

a-pɨ́ In some suffixed forms:: pɨj. v.s. 1 • To be pointed, sharp. Ɛpɨ́. It is sharp/pointed. Kɛ́pɨ́ ɛnkalɛ́m. The knife is sharp/pointed. (W). Epíju. It becomes sharp. Ɛ́tálépó apá enkálépóní ɨlashɔ́ mɛtɨ́pɨja irkúrúmi. The milkers milked (thin) the calves to the point where the hind part was pointed (ie., nothing but bones, tendons and skin). [ie., The mother cows were milked dry, so the calves had nothing to drink.]. Képíju olêŋ. It will become very sharp. (SN). Káɨ́tɨ́pɨ́jɨ́ta. I am sharpening it. (SN).

2 • To be brave, fierce, fearless, courageous (humans, lions, dogs). Óre ɛlɛ̂ mʉ́rráni, náa kɛ́pɨ̄ apá olêŋ. Now this warrior, he was very brave. Kɛ́pɨ́ olóíŋóní lâî olêŋ. My bull is very brave, fierce, strong. (W). ɔltʉŋáni ɔpɨ́ person who is brave, fierce, fearless. See: a-ɨrɨ́sh ‘To be brave’.

3 • To be strong-tasting, with deleterious effects (eg, strong brew, strong snuff). Ɛpɨ́ ɛnáɨ́sʉgɨ́ olêŋ. The snuff is strong. (W).

a-pijú v.incep. 1 • To become sharp, pointed.

2 • To become brave. Ant: kurêt ‘Cowardly’. See: ɔl-ɔpɨ́ lɛ́ ntákule ‘Elbow’; a-ɨtɨpɨ́j ‘To sharpen’.

a-píák [North]: a-pɨák. v.s. 1 • To be mean.

2 • To be stingy, selfish. Ádɔ́l ɔlɔpiák. I see the one who is selfish. Elotú entitó nápiak. The selfish girl will come.

3 • To be greedy. ɔltʉŋáni opíák a person who is mean/stingy/greedy. For the sense of 'to be greedy', this can still only be applied to humans.

a-piakú v.incep. To become selfish. Ápíáku. I will become selfish. See: a-pianú ‘To become selfish’.

a-pianú [West] v.incep. To become selfish. Ɛnyaáká apianú. He has become selfish again. See: a-píák ‘To be selfish, mean’.

m-pɨ́ásɨ [Chamus] n. [Chamus] Potato.

a-píd [North] v.prog. [North] To jump up and down to free oneself. See: a-ipíd ‘To jump’.

a-pɨdɨ́l v. To provoke.

a-pɨdɨlarɛ́ To compete, struggle with, be provoked by.

ɨl-pɨ́dɨlá n.pl. Fleas. Áayakɨ ɨlpɨ́dɨlá tɛ síaŋau. Bring me fleas in a calabash. See: l-oisúsúi [North] ‘Fleas’.

ɛm-pɨ́dɨ́ŋ Nom sg: ɛm-pɨdɨ́ŋ. Acc pl: ɨm-pɨdɨŋá. Nom pl: ɨm-pɨ́dɨŋa. [North] Nom pl: m-pɨ́dɨŋá. [North] Acc pl: m-pɨ́dɨ́ŋá. [North] Nom pl: m-pɨdɨŋá. n. Back side of the neck including the depressed part on the back side of the head at the upper end of the spinal cord; nape. Kógól mpɨ́dɨŋá ɛ́ncɛ. The backs of their necks are strong. (SN). lmotí lɛ́ mpɨ́dɨ́ŋ the pit in the center of the nape of the neck. The depressed spot on the back of the neck is pierced when an animal is killed. See: ol-kódónyó ‘Back of head’.

l-pídipídi [North] [North] Nom sg: l-pídipídi. [North] Acc pl: l-pɨ́dɨpɨ́d. [North] Nom pl: l-pɨ́dɨpɨ́d. n. 1 • [North] Feather curled around its quill, and worn by males as a head ornament.

2 • [North] Feather curled around its quill with beads, worn by girls.

píi adv. Completely, extremely, totally. Káɨ́dɨ́pa píi ŋolé. I finished it completely yesterday. (SN).

a-piikí v. To go back on a decision; change mind.

ɛm-pɨján Nom sg: ɛm-pɨ́jan. n. 1 • Sharpness.

2 • Courage, bravery.

3 • [North] Bitterness (of food or drink). See: a-pɨ́ ‘To be sharp’.

ɛm-pɨ́játá₁ Nom sg: ɛm-pɨjatá. Acc pl: ɨm-pɨját. Nom pl: ɨm-pɨ́jat. n. 1 • Point.

2 • Corner (of a house). See: a-pɨ́ ‘To be sharp’; l-cukét lɛ́ nkají [North] ‘Corner of a house’.

ɔl-pɨ́játá₂ Nom sg: ɔl-pɨjatá. Acc pl: ɨl-pɨját. Nom pl: ɨl-pɨ́jat. n. Corner.

a-pɨ́k v.prog. 1 • To put sth. in, on, at somewhere; insert. Ɛ́pɨ́k. He will put sth. (in) somewhere. Ebukú enkítok ɛnkárɛ́ apɨ́k oltóo The woman will pour the water to the water-container. Ɛgɨ́ra airopijíé oloshoró apɨ́k kʉlɛ́ náɨ́rɔbɨ. She is cooling the porridge by adding milk that is cold. (Pk). Ɛ́ncɔm ɛ́ntɨpɨk enteré ɛmakát peê ɛ́nyâ ɨntáre. Go put salt in the trough for sheep and goats to lick. Kɛ́pɨkɨ́ta sukári shâî. He/she is putting sugar into the tea. (SN). Ágɨ́ra atúr engúmótó nɨkɨpɨ̂k isúut. I am digging a pit that we will put put rubbish in. (Pk). Kɛ́bɛbɛ́k kʉná lɛ́ amʉ̂ ɛ́tɨ́pɨ́kákɨ ɛnkárɛ́. [kʊ̀ná lɛ̀] This milk is diluted because water has been added. (W). Ɨ́ncɔɔ́kɨ ɔsɨkɨrái lápɨ́k ɛnâ kúkúrí. Give me a cowry shell which I will put on this calabash. (Pk). Típíka ɛnkalámu ɛmɨ́sa. Put the pen on the table. (W). Tákedo shʉ́márotó ɨ́ntayú nɛ́nâ shɨpɨ́shɨp nátɨ́pɨ́ka. Go to the roof of the house and get me those slender branches I have put (there). Tɛ nɛ́ɨ́rʉra oshî ɔltʉ́ŋání náa ɛndápásh ɛ́pɨ́k ɨnkɛjɛ́k. When a person sleeps, he puts his legs at the feet of the bed. Ɛpɨkákɨ enkitók enkijíko enkikómpe. She will put the spoon in the cup for the woman. (W). Ɛnáíshó aké ɛyaʉ́nɨ̄, nɛ́pɨ́kɨ́ olkúkúrí. The beer is just brought, and it is put into a calabash. Ɛ́ísídáí oshî tɛ nɛ́pɨ́kɨ́ ɛncúmpi ɛndáa. It is good to have salt in the food. (Pk). Nɛ́ɨ́shɔrɨ ɨnkɛ́ra pɔɔkɨ́n ɛsʉkárɨ áapɨkakɨ ɨnkáɨ́k peê émêj. All the children are given sugar to put on their hands in order to lick it. Áapɨ̂k enkopíyia. They will put a hat on me. (W). Áapɨ̂k ɛntásât ɔlcaní ɛnkɔŋʉ́. The woman will put medicine on my eye. (W). Óre taá amʉ̂ ɛ́kɨpɨ́k ɛmbɛ́nɛ́yíó enkóítóí Because we are going to put a leaf on the route, [you will be able to follow us].

2 • To carry out an event. Ɨ́nâ kátá ɛpɨkɨ́ entúmo enê. That was the time they held a meeting here.

3 • To assign s.o. to do sth. Nɛ́pɨ̄kɨ̄ ɨlashɔ́. She [a child] is put on (the herding of) calves.

4 • [North] To ascribe value to sth. Note: As examples show, it is possible that just Th, just LOC, or both are overtly expressed. Note: Addition of Anitpassive -ɨshɔ disallows addition of either Loc or Th: Nɛ́pɨkɨshɔ́ ɔláyíóní *ɔlálɛ́ / *ɨlashɔ́. The boy put sth. somewhere (* in the pen/ *calves). (W).

a-pɨkʉ́ v.dir. 1 • To pour out.

2 • To put into.

3 • To tilt. See: a-irrág ‘To lay down’; a-ɨtɛlɛkɨ́ ‘To place on a surface’.

ɛm-pɨ́kás Nom sg: ɛm-pɨkás. Acc pl: ɨm-pɨkasîn. Nom pl: ɨm-pɨ́kasîn. n. Raiding force, warrior posse. See: l-kátérr [North] ‘Raiding force’.

ɛm-pɨ́kátá [North] Nom sg: m-pɨkatá. [North] Acc pl: mpɨkát. n. 1 • The placing, putting on (of anything).

2 • [North] Nature, temperment. See: l-árao; l-nyábíté [North] ‘Chacter’.

ɛm-pɨ́kátá ɔɔ́ lkatarrí n. Wearing of bracelets by a deceased man's sons. See: ɔl-katáarr ‘Bracelet’; a-pɨ́k ‘To put’.

em-pírbíl [Purko] Nom sg: em-pilbíl. Acc pl: im-pílbílí. Nom pl: im-pilbilí. n. Tin, can, vessel, cup. Empírbíl bárláí etíī olcháni. The medicine is in the orange tin. (Pk). See: ɛn-kɨkɔ́mpɛ ‘Cup’.

pɨ́lɛ₁ Nom sg: pɨ́lɛ̂. Acc pl: pílei. adj. Red-related warm color: pale-red, pink, purple, violet. Etií ɔlashé pɨ́lɛ̂ olálɛ́. The pink calf is in the pen. (Pk). Ɛ́ɨ́pɨlɛ oshî osaróí Milk-mixed-with-blood is always pink. (Pk). Eishopíto enkítok ɛnkɨlâ pɨ́lɛ. The woman is wearing a purple dress. See: ɔ-sárgɛ́ ‘Blood’.

ɔl-pɨlɛ́ [Purko]₂ Nom sg: ɔl-pɨ́lɛ̂. Acc pl: pɨlɛɨ. [North] Acc pl: l-pɨ́lɛ̂. n. 1 • Pale red liquid from meat. Erukúnye ɔlpɨ́lɛ̂ tɔɔ́ nkirí. The pale red liquid flows from meat.

2 • Unripe pus; mixture of pus and blood.

3 • Hardened blood, left to dry.

4 • [North] Blood and water mixed as food. See: ɔ-sárgɛ́ ‘Blood’.

em-pílílí Nom sg: em-pililí. n.sg. n.sg. The first green grass to grow after rains or the old grass is burned. See: sɔ́rɔ [North] ‘Green grass’; en-dîs ‘Green grass’.

2 • n.sg. Bottle top. See: ɛnk-ásʉ́ʉ́dáí ‘Bottle top’.

m-pɨ́lɨ́pɨ́l [North] [North] Nom sg: m-pɨlɨpɨ́l. [North] Acc pl: m-pilipilí. [North] Nom pl: m-pílipilí. n. [North] Traditional cup.

ɔl-pɨ́lɨs Nom sg: ɔl-pɨ́lɨ̂s. Acc pl: il-pílisi. Nom pl: il-pílísi. n. 1 • Mongoose.

2 • [North] Zorilla, polecat. Ictonyx striatus.

ɛm-pɨ́lpɨ́l [mpɪ́lɪ́pɪ́l] Nom sg: em-pɨlpɨ́l. n. Tin can, cannister, vessel. Kɛ́ɨ́pɨlpɨlɨ́ta mpɨlpɨ́l. The tin is flickering (flashing, eg. in the sun). (SN). See: a-ɨpɨlɨpɨ́l ‘To flash’; m-pɨ́lɨ́pɨ́l [North] ‘Cup’.

a-píó [North]: a-pé. n. 1 • To wipe off, dust off. Tépio lconí. Dust the hide. (SN).

2 • To smear or brush (eg. with oil, ochre).

ol-pipí [South] n. [South] Spider. See: ol-kédi; e-súrusuri ‘Spider’; n-apɔrsaɨnɨá [North] ‘Spider’.

a-pír v.s. 1 • To be fat, obese (of living things). Epír. He is fat. (W). Kátípórō. I have grown fat. (SN). Tópiro. Be fat!

2 • [North] To be rich (of food, esp. meat).

a-pirú v.incep. To grow fat, become fat.

a-pirunyé v.incep v.inst. To grow fat on a given diet. See: sápuk ‘Fat’.

ɛm-pɨ́ra Nom sg: ɛm-pɨ́ra. Acc pl: ɨm-pɨ́rāɨ̄. Nom pl: ɨm-pɨ́raɨ́. [North] Nom sg: l-pɨ́râ. [North] Acc pl: l-pɨ́raí. [North] Nom pl: l-pɨ́raí. n. 1 • Anything made of plastic: ball, hose pipe, plastic bracelet. Kɛ́nɛnɛ́ŋ kʉlɔ́ pɨ́raɨ́. These balls are light. (SN).

2 • [North] Ball.

3 • [North] Plastic water jug. Etymology: < Swahili mpira.

ɔl-pɨ́ránkásh Nom sg: ɔl-pɨrankásh. Acc pl: ɨl-pɨrankashí. Nom pl: ɨl-pɨ́rankashí. n. The upper arm above the elbow. See: ɛnk-áɨ́ná ‘Arm’; ɛn-tákule ‘Forearm’.

píríás [North] [North] Nom sg: piríás. n. [North] Soda ash added to tobacco and snuff for flavouring. See: makaát [North] ‘Soda ash’.

a-pɨrɨ́k v.s. To be narrow. Ɛlɛlɛ́k ɛɨmɨ kishómi nálálá aláŋ ɛnápɨ́rɨ́k. It is easier to pass through a wide gate than one that is narrow. Mɛ́ɨm entókî dapásh kʉ́tʉ́k ají napɨrɨk. Something broad cannot pass a narrow door. (Pk). Either a-pɨrɨ́k or a-ɨrɔ́nkáí could be used for a path. a-pɨrɨ́k could be used for a small mouth, for hollow things, pipes, a calabash mouth. Ant: a-lalá ‘Wide’; Syn: rɔ́nkáí ‘Slim, narrow’.

pɨ́rɨpɨd [North] [North] Nom sg: pɨ́rɨ́pɨ́d. [North] Acc pl: piripidí. [North] Nom pl: píripidí. n. [North] Necklace beadwork placed on a female initiate when she is married, indicating her status as a married woman.

l-pírípírántoi [North] [North] Nom sg: l-piripirántoi. [North] Acc pl: l-pírípíranto. [North] Nom pl: l-piripirantó. n. [North] A part in the hair of an animal, such as is found on the head of a dog.

l-pírípírínti [North] [North] Nom sg: l-piripirínti. [North] Acc pl: l-pɨ́rɨ́pɨ́rɨ́nt. [North] Nom pl: l-pɨrɨpɨrɨ́nt. n. [North] Tall highland tree similar to the cedar.

ol-pírírí Nom sg: ol-pirirí. n. Type of ornament.

a-pɨrɨrɨ́ŋ v. To roll. nɛ́pɨ́rɨrɨŋári ɔlárinkoi. Olarinkoi rolled down.

a-pirís [North] v. [North] To eat small food. See: em-píris ‘Grace; lack of appetite for food’.

em-píris Nom sg: em-pírîs. [North] Acc sg: m-pɨ́rɨs. [North] Nom sg: m-pɨ́rɨ̂s. n.sg. 1 • Grace, mercy. Te empírîs ɛ́ Nkáí By God's grace. Note: Though at least SN speakers recognize this word, they consider it a Maasai borrowing.

2 • [North] Graciousness, especially of a host or guest in offering food and eating only a little. tɛ mpírîs graciously.

3 • [North] No appetite to eat; inability to eat a lot of food.

l-piríyeét [Chamus] n. [Chamus] Broom. Etymology: Compare with Proto-Teso-Lotuko-Maa *-piet- 'broom' (Vossen 1982:340). Vossen did not consider Maa (or Camus) piríyeét in reconstructing this PTLM form, but did consider forms like Turkana pɪɛt. If Maa piríyeét is related to PTLM *-piet-, it is curious that Maa would have innovated the syllable /ri/. (It seems more likely that sister languages would have lost the /ri/ syllable by means of haplology.). See: ɔl-árao; e-orét ‘Broom’.

l-píróí [North] [North] Nom sg: l-piróí. Variant: l-píróí. [North] Acc pl: l-pirôn. [North] Nom pl: l-pirón. n. 1 • [North] Stick used to make fire by rubbing against a flat wood. Kɛ́taárrarra alɛ́ píróí. This firestick is old. (SN). Kɛ́taarrárrɨtâ kʉlɔ́ pirón. These firesticks are old. (SN).

2 • [North] A member of the age-set which guides the initiates before circumcision; firestick elder.

m-píróí [North] [North] An age-set that advises, trains and presides over the ceremonies and all rituals of a younger age-set. Kópuonú mpiróí. The firestick elders will come. (SN). See: ol-pirón ‘Fire-stick; age-set in charge of a younger age-set’.

em-pirón Nom sg: em-píron. n. Fatness. Kéísúpat mpíron. Fatness is good (eg. for cattle). (SN).

ol-pírón Nom sg: ol-pirón. Acc pl: il-pírónito. Nom pl: il-pirónito. n. 1 • Piece of stick used to make fire by rubbing against a flat wood.

2 • Age-set that advises, trains and presides over the ceremonies and all rituals of the age-set below the next contiguous one (ie. the age set about 30 years younger than the elders in question). Cf. Paul Spencer. 1993: 140-156. See: l-píróí [North] ‘Firestick’.

m-pɨ́rrɨaán [North] [North] Nom sg: m-pɨ́rrɨaán. n. [North] Friendship established at circumcision through the gift of an arrow.

m-pírrián [North] n. 1 • [North] Bundle of arrows.

2 • [North] Name young initiates call each other after exchanging bundles of arrows. See: ɛm-báɛ ‘arrow’.

ɛm-pɨ́rrɨsh Nom sg: ɛm-pɨ́rrɨ̂sh. Acc pl: im-pírrishi. Nom pl: im-pírríshi. n. 1 • Opening in the fence for people to pass to get into the kraal when all the other big gates are closed. This gate is usually made in such a way that cows or sheep cannot pass through, but only human beings. Ɛ́ɨ́má ɨnkáyīōk ɛmpɨ́rrɨ̄sh amʉ̂ kéíkénō kíshōmī. The boys have passed through the small gate because the big gate is closed.

2 • Gap between trees. See: e-lúsíé ‘Hole, gap’; en-dúŋórotó ‘Sub-fence’.

ɛm-pɨ́sáí Nom sg: ɛm-pɨsáí. Acc pl: ɨm-pɨ́saí. Nom pl: ɨm-pɨ́saí. n. 1 • Coin.

2 • Money, cost. The plural form typically refers to many coins or notes; or may refer to some abstract quantity of money. Ɨmpɨ́saí ímíet. That is five shillings. (W). Ɨmpɨ́saí ajá ɛsʉ́kari? How much is sugar? (W). Ɛnɔɔ́ mpɨ́saí tɔ́mɔ̂n. It is for ten shillings. (W). Ɨlɔɔ́ mpɨ́saí tɔ́mɔ̂n. It is for ten shillings. (W). Etymology: < Swahili ?. See: en-cilinkíni; ɛn-kɔ́shɔ́láí; ɛ-núsu; e-ropíyia ‘Money’.

ol-pisiâî Nom sg: ol-písiai. Acc pl: il-pisiá. Nom pl: il-písia. n. 1 • Small chain used as an ornament.

2 • Cows or people that are left; remnant.

3 • [North] Last leftover drops (of milk or other liquid); dregs.

L-pɨ́sɨkɨ́cʉ [North] [North] Nom pl: L-pɨ́sɨkɨ́cʉ. n.pl. [North] A phratry in the black cattle moiety.

l-Písikíshu [North] Variant: l-Písikícu. Nom pl: l-Písikíshu. n.prop. Name of a Samburu clan, "of the grey cattle". Kárá lɔɔ́ lPísikíshu. I belong to the lPisikishu clan. (SN). Kópuonú lPísikíshu. The lPisikishu came. (SN). See: pʉ̂s ‘Gray, blue’.

a-pɨsɨ́ŋ v. 1 • To cover or close a container with a lid (hole, pot, well, etc.).

2 • To suffocate (an animal, person). Mɨ́pɨsɨ́ŋ nkɛ́ráí. Don't suffocate the child [eg. don't cover the child with too many cloths, especially implying the child's head]. A-pɨsɨ́ŋ has the idea of covering a hole. It is extended to covering an animate being such that it cannot breathe. It would not be used for covering s.o. in bed to keep them warm, for covering a child with clothes generally, or for covering a pile of garbage. See: a-itoíp ‘To cover’; a-pukur ‘To cover’; a-isiáp ‘To cover’.

ɛm-pɨ́sɨ́ŋɛ́t n. Lid for a pot.

a-pishaná v. To be odd, improper, incorrect, bad; usually with reference to a specific action or behavior. Aanyɔ́ paɛ́ kílíki lomón ɔɔ́pishana? Why are you telling me incorrect, untruthful information? (Pk). Képishána kʉná ámʉka áinén. These shoes of mine are improper (ie. one is different from the other). (SN). Képishána nkíshopó íno ana-párr. Your dressing is improper today. (SN). This word would not usually be applied to a person's character as a whole.

naá-pīshānā num. Seven. Use of the root pɨshana 'to be improper' for the concept of 'seven' may be motivated by a sense of unequalness, or sth. that is poorly divided.

oó-pishana Seven. See: a-pɨshaná ‘To be odd, improper’; sápâ ‘Seven’.

pítipit [North] adv. [North] Narrowly, barely.

em-pítō₁ Nom sg: em-pitó. Acc pl: im-pít. Nom pl: im-pît. [North] Acc sg: m-pító. [North] Nom sg: m-pitó. [North] Acc pl: m-pí, m-pít. [North] Nom pl: m-pí. n. 1 • Tendon, ligament, sinew.

2 • Thread or string made from animal tendons or sinew twisted together; string made from sisal; bow string. Ɨ́yaʉ́ empítō nárípíé ɛnâ kɨlâ natɔpɔlɔ́sɛ. Bring me a thread which I will use to sew this cloth which is torn. (Pk). Táwuara taá enconí peê itúm eníímíe empíto. Slash out the skin so that you get a place to pass string through. (Pk).

pítō₂ [North]: pító. adv. Absolutely nothing. Mmɛáta pítō. He/She has absolutely nothing (ie. is extremely poor). (Pk). Mikíyioló pító We know absolutely nothing. (SN).

a-píú v. 1 • [North] To revive, rejuvinate (intrans). Etipíwūā dúó nkɛráí náíterríá nanî. [ètìpíwá] The child who fainted a while ago has come back to consciousness. (SN). Etipíwūā lcáni. The plant revived. (SN).

2 • [North] To rise again (eg. the moon).

3 • To resurrect, rise from the dead. Usage: Christian.

a-itipíú 1 • [North] To revive sth.

2 • [North] To resurrect, bring back to life.

em-piúnotó [North] Nom sg: m-piúnotó. n. 1 • Resurrection.

2 • Respite. See: a-píú ‘To resurrect’.

a-pɨyáɨ́ Variant: a-pɨyáɨ. [North]: pɨyɛ́ɨ́. Variant: a-pɨyáɛ́. v.prog. 1 • To twist, roll up (a hide, cloth, paper, etc.).

2 • To plait, weave, twine (eg. rope, hair). This can describe the way a string or rope is made by rolling it on the thigh. Kápɨ́yáyɨ́ta. I am weaving/twisting it (by rolling). (SN). Kátɨ́pɨ́yáya. I plaited it. (S). Kátɨ́pɨ́ya ŋolé. I wove it yesterday. (SN). Ant: a-lák ‘To untie, unplait’.

3 • [North] To lose weight.

a-pɨyayá v.mid. To be woven, plaited. Képiyáya lgíitâ. The rope is woven. (SN).

a-pɨyayakinó v.dat v.mid. To wedge or converge into. Ɛ́tɨ́pɨ́yáyákíne ɔlasʉráí engúmótó. A snake has meandered/crawled into a hole. (Pk).

a-pɨyayarí v.dir v.mid. To run very fast, vanish (used in combination with a movement verb). The image is that the one moving contracts itself or is streamlined to the point of vanishing. Ɛkuɛtá enkóílií apɨyayarí aɨlány oldîâ. The gazelle has run so fast away from the dog. (Pk). Ɛshɔmɔ́ apɨyayarí ɨmeékūrē einepunóyu. The has run so fast he cannot be reached. (Pk). See: a-ɨɨ́rn; a-mɔnɨ́r; a-nunúk ‘To twist’; a-ɛ́n; a-shɛ́t ‘To plait’.

ɔl-pɨ́yáyɔ̄ɨ̄ [North] Acc sg: l-pɨ́yáyōī, l-pɨ́yáyɔ̄ɨ̄. [North] Nom sg: l-pɨyáyōī, l-pɨyáyɔ̄ɨ̄. [North] Acc pl: l-pɨ́yáyo, l-pɨ́yáyɔ. [North] Nom pl: l-pɨyáyo, l-pɨyayɔ́. n. 1 • [North] Small thread, typically made from cloth (rather than gut or tendon). Átɨ́pɨ́yáya lpɨ́yáyōī. I have woven the thread. (rolled a single thread from several strands). Átɨ́pɨ́yáyákā lpɨ́yáyōī lpápɨ́t. I have twisted the thread around the hair. (SN). Kógól lpɨyáyōī. The thread is strong. (SN). Ɛ́ɨ́mɨ́nâ lpɨyáyɔ. The threads got lost. (SN). Lpɨ́yáyo oótudúŋote. It is the threads that got cut. (SN).

2 • [North] Wick. See: n-kitámpi [North] ‘Wick’.

3 • Twisted hair. See: a-pɨyáɨ́ ‘To twist’.

m-piyôn [North] [North] Nom sg: m-píyon. n. [North] Maxim.

m-piyíon [North] Nom sg: m-píyion. n. [North] Story telling; discussion of historical events. See: ɛnk-atiní; ɔ-lɔɔ́nkukuuní ‘Story, tale’; ɔl-aigéetíái ‘Tale’.

a-pɔɨ́pɔ́ɨ́ v. To nurse, take care of well.

a-pɔ́k PF: -tɔpua, -tɔpɔkua. v.prog itr. 1 • To survive (as in the context of war, punishment, famine, etc.). Ɛ́pɔ́k. He will survive/He survives. Táasa ntóki náájóki payîê ɨpɔ́k. Do what I tell you so that you may survive. (SN). Atɔ́púa. I survived. (W). Atɔ́pɔ́kua. I survived (eg. I was faint for an extended period of time, but revived). (W).

2 • To revive, rejuvinate, be strengthened after being severely stressed (eg. after being very hungry or thirsty, after receiving shocking news and then good news which relieves the stress, after drought and famine). Ɛpɔkɨ́ta. It is beginning to grow. / It is surviving. (W). Etópúá. It has already taken root/survived. (W). Átópúa. (i) I have survived. (ii) I have been rejuvinated. Kétōpūā ɛnkɔ̂p. The grass has revived. (PK). Etópúá ɔlcátá láátuunó ɔlápa ɔshɔmɔ́. The tree that I planted last month is reviving. (W). Ɛpɔ́kɨ́ta ɔlcátá láátuunó ɔlápa ɔshɔmɔ́. The tree that I planted last month is reviving. (W). Kɛ́tɔ́pʉ́ā nkɔ́p. The grass has become green again. (S). ɔltʉŋáni ɔ́pɔ̄k person who is strengthened after stress.

a-ɨtɔpɔ́k 1 • To give health.

2 • [North] To save from starvation or disease by giving food or help. Kɛ́ɨ́tópuaa. He has saved him from starvation. (S). See: puaán ‘Survive, life’; a-ishú ‘To be alive’.

pokíra Nom sg: pókira. [North] Acc sg: pɔkɨ́ra, pɔkʉ́ra. [North] Nom sg: pɔ́kʉ́ra. num. All. Etíí ɨnámūkā luát pokíra aré. There are two pairs of (identical) shoes. Tɛ nínkɛn ilkimojík lɔɔ́nkáɨ́k pokíra nɛ́ra tɔmɔn nɛ́gɨra. If you count the fingers of both hands, they are just ten. Ɛshɔmɔ́ pɔ́kʉ́ra ókuni. All three (of them) have gone. (SN). Kádɔ́lɨ́ta pɔkʉ́ra (tɔ́mɔ̂n). [pɔ̀kʊ́ɾa tɔ̀mɔ̀n] I see all (ten) of them. (SN). Kópuonú pɔ́kʉ́ra (tɔ́mɔ́n). [pɔ́kʊ̄ɾa tɔ́mɔ́n] All (ten) of them will come. (SN). Usage: Pokíra may be used with count nouns, and may co-occur with a specific number. In contrast, pɔɔkɨ́ may be used with count or mass nouns, and may not be used along with a number to quantify a noun.. See: pɔɔkɨ́; pɔɔkɨ́(n) ‘All’.

pɔkɨ́rárɛ [North] n. [North] Both. Etymology: pɔkɨ́ra + aré 'all + two'.

pɔkʉ́rááre [North] quant. [North] Both; the two. Káyíéú námɨ́r nkíshú pɔkʉ́rááre anapârr. I want to sell both cows/the two cows today. (SN). Nkíshú pɔkʉ́rááre kʉná. These are both of the cows/These are the two cows. (SN). Kópúó nkíshu pɔ́kʉrááre anapârr. Both cows will go today. (SN). Etymology: pɔkɨ́rà-aré [all-two]. There is some native-speaker sense that this combination of quantifier and numeral may is a single word..

l-póle [North] Nom sg: l-pólê. Acc pl: l-pólei. Nom pl: l-póléi. n. [North] Young bull. See: ɔl-ɔɨŋɔ́nɨ ‘Bull’.

Pɔ́lɔ́lɨ̂k n.pl. Pololik.

a-pololó n. 1 • To be torn.

2 • To abort. Abortion is not common, is a matter for investigation, and is not considered good. It is believed that a woman can eat certain things to prevent abortion; and that if she refuses to do it, abortion may result. Or, the woman could take certain herbs or drugs to cause abortion.

ɛtapolóle ɔlpáāshē To loose a wife in death (lit: 'The fence fell apart').

a-pɔlɔ́s v. To tear (eg. paper, cloth). Ɨ́yaʉ́ empítō nárípíé ɛnâ kɨlâ natɔpɔlɔ́sɛ. Bring me a thread which I will use to sew this cloth which is torn. (Pk). See: a-ŋɛ́r ‘To tear’; a-kɨ́j [North] ‘To tear’.

ɛm-pɔ́lɔs Nom sg: ɛm-pɔ́lɔ̂s. Acc pl: ɨm-pólosɨ. Nom pl: ɨm-pólósɨ. n. 1 • Middle, centre of the inside area of sth. (eg. classroom, middle portion of a cup, middle seats of a car, portion of tree between roots and where branches divide, (middle pages of a book). Tábolo ɛmpɔ́lɔs ɛ́ mbúku! Open to the center of the book! (W). Etíī olówuarú márâ ɛmpɔ́lɔs ólóítíkó ɔ́ lásʉ́ráí. The leopard is between the zebra and the snake. (W). Mátɔɔr tɛ mpɔ́lɔs. Let's divide it by halves. (Pk).

2 • Centre-mark of an elongated object (eg. person, pen); waist. ɛmpɔ́lɔs ɔ́ ltʉŋáni the middle (waist) of the person. ɛmpɔ́lɔs could not well be used to refer to the "middle" of a cow.

3 • Loin, area of a person below the most narrow portion of the waist.

4 • Belly. See: ɛnk-ɔ́Cɔkɛ ‘Belly’; éndúŋóti. ‘Portion’; a-itorís ‘To divide equally’.

ɛm-pɔ́lɔ́satá Acc pl: ɨm-pɔlɔsat. n. 1 • Ritual slaughtering, sacrifice.

2 • Tear or hole in cloth.

ɔl-pɔ́lɔ́satá Tear.

ol-pólósíé Nom sg: ol-polosíé. n. Boundary. Óre táatá ɛnâ tóki najî ɛnkɨ́páátá náa entóki naɨtɔ́dɔ̄lʉ̄ olpólósíé lɔɔ́lporori. And now this thing called the initial ceremony shows the boundry between age groups. See: ɛm-báka; ol-kírríé; ɛ-rɨshata ‘Boundary’; nɛwɔ́rɔrɛ [Chamus] ‘Boundary’.

ɔl-pɔ́lpɔl Nom sg: ɔl-pɔ́lpɔ̂l. Acc pl: il-pólpolí. Nom pl: il-pólpolí. n. Penis (typically for animals, but can also be used for humans though rarely).

em-pómpo Nom sg: em-pómpô. Acc pl: im-pómpoí. Nom pl: im-pómpoí. n. Pump used to spray domestic animals with insecticides. Etymology: < English pump.

a-pón v. To cut or nick the ears of animals. Épón. He nicks the ear (of an animal). (W). Kápóníto nkíné. I'm making a mark on the goat's ear. (SN).

a-pɔ́n v. To add more, increase sth. by adding more to it. Épɔ́n. He adds up/increases (sth.) (W). Kápɔ́nɨ́ta. I am increasing it. (SN). Kétaŋásúá yéyîô apɔnaá nkají âŋ. Mother has begun to increase our house. (SN). apɔnaá iropiyianí To add more money. Usage: You could apɔ́n cows by buying or stealing more, but not by them giving birth, because you cannot control their giving birth. You do not use this word for math..

a-pɔnaá v.dir. To increase, add one on top of another, multiply.

a-pɔnarí v.dir v.mid. To increase. Ɛgɨ́ra ɔlmaréí lâî apɔnarí. My family is increasing. (ie. more children are being born).

a-pɔnɨkɨ́ v.dat. To add more of the same kind of thing for or to s.o. or sth. Tóponikíákɨ shái. Add more tea for me.

a-pɔnʉ́ v.dir. To add up, increase the quantity of sth.

ol-pónótó Nom sg: ol-ponotó. Acc pl: ɨl-ponót. Nom pl: ɨl-pónot. n. Marks cut into the ears of cattle to identify ownership. See: a-pón ‘To cut the ear’.

a-póŋ v.prog. 1 • To miss (way, direction). Ítópóŋo nkóítéí katʉ́kɨl. You have missed the way completely. (SN). Etorikóki ɔltʉŋáni módóóni peê mépóŋ enkóítóí The blind person has been led so that he will not miss the path. See: a-ɨmɨ́n ‘To get lost’.

2 • To deviate around or from; avoid. Kápóŋíto údótó tɔ lbárabára. I am dodging the hole in the road. (SN).

3 • To go away from. apóŋ ɛnkÁí to go away from God.

a-poŋorí v.dir v.mid. 1 • To miss or lose one's way; go astray, get lost. Ágɨ́ra autaá peê méló aké apoŋorí. I am directing him so that he does not loose the way. Ítópóŋóri olêŋ. You have gone astray. (SN).

2 • To miss the point; misunderstand; be mistaken. Ítópóŋóri tɛ iníá kirorotó. You have gone wrong in that speech. (mistaken in your ideas) (SN).

3 • To make a mistake. Ítópóŋóri olêŋ aɛ́m nkitók naɨ́lash. You have gone wrong by marrying a proud wife. (SN).

a-itopoŋoó [North] v.dir v.cause. [North] To accidentally lead astray.

ɛm-pɔ́ŋɨt Nom sg: ɛm-pɔ́ŋɨ̂t. n.sg. Swelling of the stomach due to over-eating.

a-poŋú v. To swell (of stomach), from eating too much or from sickness. See: a-jeyú ‘To swell’; a-arʉnyɛ́ ‘To protrude’.

m-poó [North] n. [North] Brush used for painting the outside of a calabash with blood, charcoal, ochre, etc. See: a-ipók ‘To cleanse ritually’.

a-pook v. To pull the foreskin back.

pɔɔkɨ́(n) Nom sg: pɔ́ɔ̄kɨ̄(n). Variant: pɔ́ɔ́kɨ̄(n). quant. 1 • All, every, the complete amount or quantity of, the whole of. Sidaín táá dúóó táatá imbaâ amʉ̂ ínótó pɔɔkɨ́ tóki níyíéú. Things are good today because you have gotten all things that you wanted. (W). Káke óre ɨlɔɔ́tɨjɨŋá pɔɔkɨ́, mɛ́ŋámákínō, nétuatâ ilkumók. All those who caught it [=the disease], when they were not innoculated, many of them died. Etóókó ɛnkárɛ́ pɔɔkɨ́. He has drunk all the water. Néíturrúrrō pɔ́ɔ̄kɨ̄. They all gathered together. Néípōt ɨnkɛ́ra pɔɔkɨ́n. They call all the children. osésen pɔɔkɨ́ the rest of the body (W).

2 • Each, every; any. Ɛákʉ́ ɔlmʉrraní pɔ́ɔ̄kɨ̄ ɔlkáíríshí te nébārnɨ̄. Every warrior becomes a junior elder when he gets his hair cut. (Pk). Kéíshú ɔltʉ́ŋání pɔ́ɔ̄kɨ̄ ɔ́ɨ́rɔ. Every person that speaks is alive. (Pk). Éíyiolóti ɔltʉ́ŋání pɔ́ɔ̄kɨ̄ sídaîn inkíaasîn ɛ́nyɛná. Any man is well-known for his good deeds. (Pk).

3 • All. ɨmbáa ɛ́ mpúrrórre, elótóíto ɛsákʉ́tore, márâ ɔ pɔɔkɨ́ natanyá ɛnkaí issues of stealing, adultery, witchcraft, and all that God has refused. See: pokíra ‘All’.

ɛm-pɔ́ɔpɨât [West] Nom sg: ɛm-pɔ́ɔpɨât. Acc pl: ɨm-pɔɔpɨatí. Nom pl: ɨm-pɔ́ɔpɨatí. n. Mushroom (any species). Kóre ɛmpɔ́ɔpɨât náa ɛnkɨtɨ́ shaní. A mushroom is a small (kind of) tree. (W). Ɛmɛ́lɔ́k kʉná pɔ́ɔpɨatí. These mushrooms are delicious. (W).

l-póórr [North] [North] Nom sg: l-poórr. [North] Acc pl: l-póórrí. [North] Nom pl: l-poorrí. n. [North] Eroded watercourse.

m-póórr [North] [North] Small eroded watercourse.

ɛm-pɔ́ɔ́rr Nom sg: ɛm-pɔɔ́rr. Acc pl: im-póórrí. Nom pl: im-poorrí. n. 1 • Large flat semi-porous stone on the ground. See: o-sóít ‘Rock’; ɛn-dápɨ́dápoi ‘Large flat imporous rock’.

2 • Salt lick. Ɛtɛrɛwákɨ inkíshú ɛmpɔ́ɔ́rr. Cows have been driven to the salt lick. The salt lick may or may not be at a stony or eroded place.

ɛm-pɔ́ɔ́rr

3 • Stony place.

4 • Eroded land. See: l-póórr [North] ‘Eroded watercourse’.

em-póóshóí Nom sg: em-pooshóí. Acc pl: ɨ́m-pɔ́ɔ́shɔ̂. Nom pl: ɨ́m-pɔ́ɔ́shɔ̂. Variant: pɔshɔ́. n. Bean. Ɛ́tányá empooshóí ɛbʉlʉ́. A bean has refused to germinate. (Pk). Áatagoró empooshóí. I have been choked by a bean. (lit: A bean has choked me.) (Pk). Ɛ́gɨ́ráɨ̄ áatur ɛnkɔ́p peê euní ɨmpɔɔshɔ́. The ground is being dug so that beans can be planted. (Pk). Áaɨtamoyíá ɨ́mpɔ́ɔ́shɔ̂ néméyíára esidáí. [áàytàmòyyá ɪ̀mpɔ̀ɔ̀ʃɔ̀ néméyyáɾa] The beans that are poorly cooked have made me sick. Ɛ́ɨ́nɔ́sá olkéresúré ɨ́mpɔ́ɔ́shɔ̂ naátií ɛ́ mʉ́kʉ́ntâ. The guinea-fowl has eaten the beans in the garden. (Pk). See: ol-marágwɛ; e-sikɔ́rīɔ̄ ‘Beans’. Borrowed word: Kikuyu mbooco 'beans'.

ɛm-pɔ́pɨát Acc pl: ɨm-pɔpiatí. n. Mushroom. Etymology: Kimeli suggests this may be a borrowing from Kalenjin or Nandi, but it is the word used in his area. kk has no sense of this; reacts to it as a Maa word.. See: ɔl-ápa ‘Mushroom’.

ɛm-pɔ́pɔk Nom sg: ɛm-pɔ́pɔ̂k. Acc pl: im-pópokí. Nom pl: im-pópokí. [North] Acc sg: l-pópok. [North] Nom sg: l-pópôk. [North] Acc pl: l-pópoki. [North] Nom pl: l-pópóki. n. Body of a dead animal; carcass. Kéísámis alɛ́ pɔ́pɔ̂k. This carcass is stinking. (SN). Kéísámis lokúá pópokí. Those carcasses are stinking. (SN). Kádɔ́lɨ́ta lókûâ pópokí. [lòkùà pópòkí] I see those carcasses.

ɔl-pɔ́pɔk 1 • Large carcass; carcass.

2 • [North] Skeleton.

ɛm-pɔ́pɔŋ Acc pl: ɨm-pɔ́pɔŋí. n. Carcass, corpse.

ol-pópóŋí Nom sg: ol-popoŋí. Acc pl: il-pópóŋ. Nom pl: il-popóŋ. n. Species of cactus with five-sided long "branches" with wavy crinkles on the edges of each side. euphorbia candelabra. Kɔ́ɔdɔ́ alɛ́ popoŋí. This euphorbia tree is tall. (SN). Kɔ́ɔdɔ́ɔ kʉlɔ́ popóŋ. These euphorbia trees are tall. (SN). Note: *Kɔ́ɔdɔ́ kʉlɔ́ popóŋ in SN. Kɛ́adɔ́ kʉlɔ́ popóŋ. These euphorbia trees are tall. Kɛ́adɔ́ɔ kʉlɔ́ popóŋ. Each and every one of these euporbia trees is tall. The pith of its branches is prepared as a medicine for stomach trouble, for women after childbirth, and for medicine for cattle. Poison is also made from it. (Mol 196:336).

m-pópóŋí [North] euphorbia. [North] Plant of the genus Euphorbia.

m-pópulo [North] [North] Acc pl: m-populoní. n. [North] An uncut loaf of bread. Etymology: English product name Buffalo bread.

a-pór v.prog. 1 • To go over, creep. apór ɛnkárɛ́ To float. Kóporíto nkúús mabátīi. The cat is walking over the roof. (SN). Káídim atoporôî anâ dápdápōī. I can climb/creep over this rock. (SN). Káaporito lkúkuû. An insect is creeping on me. (SN). Alɛ̂ gíitâ ápórórīē anâ ŋɛ́rɛ́m. This rope is what I will use to creep/climb over this precipice. (SN).

2 • To make a mark on the skin; brand.

3 • To be related to s.o.

a-poroó v.dir. 1 • To move on top of; walk over.

2 • To teeter away, creep away unsteadily.

a-porú v.dir. 1 • To approach the point of reference.

2 • To teeter towards, creep unsteadily towards the point of reference.

a-pór ɛnkárɛ́ v. To swim, float (lit: to go on top of water). See: a-ár ɛnkárɛ́; a-ɨsɔmpɨrá; a-lɔ́p (ɛnkárɛ́); a-sʉjarɛ́ ‘To swim’.

L-póránâî [North] [North] Nom sg: L-poranáí. [North] Acc pl: L-poraná. [North] Nom pl: L-póraná. n. 1 • [North] Borana person. Usage: singular.

2 • [North] Borana tribe. Usage: plural.

porkorío [North] n. [North] Hyena.

m-póróí [North] Variant: m-poróí. [North] Nom sg: m-poróí, m-póroi. [North] Acc pl: m-póro. [North] Nom pl: m-pórô, m-póroí. n.sg. 1 • [North] Roasted clotted blood, from stirring a mixture of milk and blood; eaten as food. Ncɔɔ́kɨ mpóróí nányā. Give me clotted blood to eat. (SN). In S, this is given to dogs.

2 • [North] Very small child, up to 2 days old. See: ɔl-pɨ́lɛ ‘A pale red liquid from meat’; ɔ-sáróí ‘A mixture of blood and milk’; l-ɔdɔ́ [North] ‘Blood’; n-julóti [North] ‘Milk mixed with blood’; m-púpóí [North] ‘Unstirred boiled blood’; n-carlúgi [North] ‘Unstirred blood mixed with milk’; n-tîs [North] ‘Blood mixed with milk and then stirred together’; ɛnk-albúáli ‘Clotted blood’.

il-pórórî n.pl. Age sets. See: ɔl-pórrôr ‘Age set’.

ɛm-pɔrɔ́rɔ Acc pl: im-pororoní. n. Ugly, uncared-for calabash. See: en-kúkúrí ‘Calabash’; em-pósoô ‘Ugly, uncared-for calabash’.

ol-pórótó₁ Nom sg: ol-porotó. Acc pl: il-porót. Nom pl: il-pórot. n. Dry bare ground where there is no grass for cows to eat.

m-pórótó [North]₂ [North] Nom sg: m-porotó. n. [North] Disease, esp. of cattle; water on the heart.

l-pórr [North] n. [North] Small depression produced by water and erosion; gulley.

m-porro [North] n. [North] Necklace worn exclusively by married women, traditionally made from giraffe tail hairs, but more recently from doum palm frond fibers.

em-porrôî Nom sg: em-pórroi. Acc pl: ɨm-pɔrrɔ́. Nom pl: ɨm-pɔ́rrɔ. [North] Acc pl: m-porró. [North] Nom pl: m-pórro. n. 1 • Beads ornaments sewn in a thin thread worn by women across their bodies, hanging from one shoulder to the hip on the opposite side of the body.

2 • [North] Deep red or purple glass bead, traditionally strung on an elephant or giraffe hair, and worn by women in a wide necklace of many strings; this ornament is a sign that she is officially married. See: ɨnk-ɔɨpɨlaní ‘Beads ornaments sewn in a thin thread and coiled together in groups of four worn by warriors across their bodies, that is, hanging it from one shoulder to the hip on the other side of the body’.

ol-pórrôr Nom sg: ol-porrór. Acc pl: il-pórórî. Nom pl: il-pórórî. [West] Acc sg: ol-pórrór, ol-pórror. [North] Acc sg: l-pórrórr. [North] Nom sg: l-porrórr. [North] Acc pl: l-pórrórrí. [North] Nom pl: l-porrorrí. n. 1 • Age set.

2 • Portion of an age set comprised of men from the same clan or phratry (of which there are eight).

3 • Half an age set; circumcision group. Each ɔl-ají, or age set, has two ol-pórrôr, or circumcision groups of warriors. These circumcision groups are each called by various names. Only males belong to these groups (though girls are also circumcised). See: ɔl-ají ‘Whole age-set, including both "right" and "left" hand’; n-towúó ‘Age set from different clans’.

em-pósoô Nom sg: em-pósoô. Acc pl: im-posooní. Nom pl: im-pósooní. n. Calabash lacking the necessary decoration and cleaning, as required; ugly, uncared-for calabash. See: en-kúkúrí ‘Calabash’; ɛm-pɔrɔ́rɔ ‘Ugly, uncared-for calabash’.

em-poút Nom sg: em-póut. Acc pl: im-poutí. Nom pl: im-póutí. Variant: peút. n. Ditch, trough.

Pronouns-Demonstratives Note: When used as pronouns, demonstratives have the tone patterns indicated below. Note: When qualifying a noun, only the 2nd Distal and 3rd Distal demonstrative reveal case differences. (This is because the falling tone of ɛlɛ̂ ɛldɛ̂ etc. simplifies to high before a following word.)

Demonstrative Pronouns
Key to abbreviations
Prox. =Near the speaker
Dist1 = Near the addressee
Dist2 = Away from addressee
Dist3 = Very far

Accusative SINGULAR demonstratives

Prox. Dist1 Dist2 Dist3

Masc ɛlɛ̂ ɨ́lɔ̂ ~ [ɨ̀lɔ̀] ɛldɛ̂ lɨ́dɔ̂ ~ [lɨ̀dɔ̀]

Fem ɛnâ ɛndâ ɨ́nâ ~ [ɨ̀nà] ídîâ ~ [ìdìà]

Place enê endê ínê ~ [ìnè] ídîê ~ [ìdìè]

Nominative SINGULAR demonstratives

Prox. Dist1 Dist2 Dist3

Masc ɛlɛ́ ɛldɛ́ ɨlɔ̂ lɨdɔ̂

Fem ɛná ɛndá ɨnâ idîâ

Place ené endé inê idîê

Accusative PLURAL demonstratives

Prox. Dist1 Dist2 Dist3

Masc kʉlɔ̂ kʉldô lɛ́lɔ̂ ~ [lɛ̀lɔ̀] lékûâ ~ [lèkùà]

Fem kʉnâ kʉndâ nɛ́nâ ~ [nɛ̀nà] nékûâ ~ [nèkùà]

Place kunên kundên nénê ~ [nènè] nékûê ~ [nèkùè]

Nominative PLURAL demonstratives

Prox. Dist1 Dist2 Dist3

Masc kʉlɔ́ kʉldɔ́ lɛlɔ̂ lekûâ

Fem kʉná kʉndá nɛnâ nekûâ

Place kunén kundén nenâ nekûê

Demonstrative Pronouns
Key to abbreviations Prox. =Near the speaker Dist1 = Near the addressee Dist2 = Away from addressee Dist3 = Very far
Accusative SINGULAR demonstratives
	Prox.	Dist1	Dist2	Dist3
Masc	ɛlɛ̂	ɨ́lɔ̂ ~ [ɨ̀lɔ̀]	ɛldɛ̂	lɨ́dɔ̂ ~ [lɨ̀dɔ̀]
Fem	ɛnâ	ɛndâ	ɨ́nâ ~ [ɨ̀nà]	ídîâ ~ [ìdìà]
Place	enê	endê	ínê ~ [ìnè]	ídîê ~ [ìdìè]
Nominative SINGULAR demonstratives
	Prox.	Dist1	Dist2	Dist3
Masc	ɛlɛ́	ɛldɛ́	ɨlɔ̂	lɨdɔ̂
Fem	ɛná	ɛndá	ɨnâ	idîâ
Place	ené	endé	inê	idîê
Accusative PLURAL demonstratives
	Prox.	Dist1	Dist2	Dist3
Masc	kʉlɔ̂	kʉldô	lɛ́lɔ̂ ~ [lɛ̀lɔ̀]	lékûâ ~ [lèkùà]
Fem	kʉnâ	kʉndâ	nɛ́nâ ~ [nɛ̀nà]	nékûâ ~ [nèkùà]
Place	kunên	kundên	nénê ~ [nènè]	nékûê ~ [nèkùè]
Nominative PLURAL demonstratives
	Prox.	Dist1	Dist2	Dist3
Masc	kʉlɔ́	kʉldɔ́	lɛlɔ̂	lekûâ
Fem	kʉná	kʉndá	nɛnâ	nekûâ
Place	kunén	kundén	nenâ	nekûê

Pronouns-Indefinite Quantifiers Note: As pronouns, the following forms have the indicated tone patterns. Bótór aɨ. The other (fem) is old. Súpāt áɨ. The other (fem) is good.

Pronouns-Indefinite Quantifiers
Accusative tone pattern

another the other plural

Masc lɨkâɨ̂ [lɨkây] ɔlɨkâɨ̂ (ɨl)kʉlɨ́kāɨ̄

Fem áɨ́ [ây] ɛnkáɨ (in)kulîê

Place dɨkâɨ̂ [dɨkây]

All pɔɔkɨ́n

Anything hɔ́ɔ́ toki

Any one hɔ́ɔ́ tʉŋáni

Everyone pɔɔkɨ́ ŋáɨ́

Each person pɔɔkɨ́ tʉŋáni

Nominative tone pattern

another the other plural

Masc lɨ́kāɨ̄ ɔlɨ́kāɨ̄ (ɨl)kʉ́lɨkáɨ́

Fem âɨ̂ [ây] ɛnkâɨ̂ [ɛnkây] (in)kúlīē

Place dɨ́kāɨ̄

All pɔ́ɔ̄kɨ̄n

Anything hɔ́ɔ́ tókí

Any one hɔ́ɔ́ tʉ́ŋání

Each person pɔɔkɨ́ tʉ́ŋání

Everyone pɔɔkɨ́ ŋáɨ́

Pronouns-Indefinite Quantifiers
Accusative tone pattern
	another	the other	plural
Masc	lɨkâɨ̂ [lɨkây]	ɔlɨkâɨ̂	(ɨl)kʉlɨ́kāɨ̄
Fem	áɨ́ [ây]	ɛnkáɨ	(in)kulîê
Place	dɨkâɨ̂ [dɨkây]
All		pɔɔkɨ́n
Anything		hɔ́ɔ́ toki
Any one		hɔ́ɔ́ tʉŋáni
Everyone		pɔɔkɨ́ ŋáɨ́
Each person		pɔɔkɨ́ tʉŋáni
Nominative tone pattern
	another	the other	plural
Masc	lɨ́kāɨ̄	ɔlɨ́kāɨ̄	(ɨl)kʉ́lɨkáɨ́
Fem	âɨ̂ [ây]	ɛnkâɨ̂ [ɛnkây]	(in)kúlīē
Place	dɨ́kāɨ̄
All		pɔ́ɔ̄kɨ̄n
Anything		hɔ́ɔ́ tókí
Any one		hɔ́ɔ́ tʉ́ŋání
Each person		pɔɔkɨ́ tʉ́ŋání
Everyone		pɔɔkɨ́ ŋáɨ́

Pronouns-Possessives Possessive pronouns. Kɛ́báɨ́kɨ́ olpolosíé láŋ ine. Our boundary reaches there.

QUALIFYING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Accusative tone pattern:

SINGULAR my your his our your their

Masc láí linó lɛnyɛ́ lâŋ linyî lɛnyɛ̂

Fem áí inó ɛnyɛ́ âŋ inyî ɛnyɛ̂

PLURAL my your his our your their

Masc láainéí linónō lɛnyɛ́nā lâŋ linyî lɛnyɛ̂

Fem áainéí inónō ɛnyɛ́nā âŋ inyî ɛnyɛ̂

Nominative tone pattern

SINGULAR my your his our your their

Masc lai líno lɛ́nỳ laŋ línyī lɛ́nyɛ̄

Fem ai íno ɛ́nyɛ aŋ ínyī ɛ́nyɛ̄

PLURAL my your his our your their

Masc láainéí línonó lɛ́nyɛná láŋ línyī lɛ́nyɛ̄

Fem áainéí ínonó ɛ́nyɛná aŋ ínyī ɛ́nyɛ̄

"STAND-ALONE" POSSESSIVE PRONOUN

Accusative tone pattern

SINGULAR mine yours his ours yours theirs

Masc ɔlaláí olinó ɔlɛnyɛ́ ɔlalâŋ olinyî ɔlɛnyɛ̂

Fem ɛnaaí eninó ɛnɛnyɛ́ ɛnaâŋ eninyî ɛnɛnyɛ̂

PLURAL mine yours his ours yours theirs

Masc ɨláainéí ilinónō ɨlɛnyɛ́nā ɨlkʉlalâŋ ilkulinyî ɨlkʉlɛnyɛ̂

Fem ɨnáainéí ininónō ɨnɛnyɛ́nā ɨnkʉnaâŋ inkuninyî ɨnkʉnɛnyɛ̂

Nominative tone pattern

SINGULAR mine yours his ours yours theirs

Masc ɔlálai olíno ɔlɛ́nyɛ ɔlálāŋ olínyī ɔlɛ́nyɛ̄

Fem ɛnáai eníno ɛnɛ́nyɛ̀ ɛnáāŋ enínyī ɛnɛ́nyɛ̄

PLURAL mine yours his ours yours theirs

Masc ɨláainéí ilínonó ɨlɛ́nyɛná ɨlkʉ́laláŋ ilkúlinyí ɨlkʉ́lɛnyɛ́

Fem ɨnáainéí inínonó ɨnɛ́nyɛná ɨnkʉ́naáŋ inkúninyí ɨnkʉ́nɛnyɛ́

em-púaa Variant: em-púa. Nom sg: em-púáa. Acc pl: im-púaaí. Nom pl: im-púaaí. [North] Acc sg: m-púa. [North] Nom sg: m-púâ. [North] Acc pl: m-púaí. [North] Nom pl: m-púaí. n. 1 • Nata red duiker. Ɛtáŋóró Múíta olpúaa ŋolé tɛ nkáwûô. Muita shot an antelope with his bow yesterday. (W). See: n-derrí [North] ‘"Blue" duiker’; n-kisín [North] ‘Common duiker’.

2 • [North] Bush buck. Tragelaphus scriptus. Etymology: < Yaaku p'ooqa, lpua.

ol-púa [North] Nom sg: l-púâ. [North] Acc pl: l-púaí. [North] Nom pl: l-púaí. Tragelaphus scriptus. [North] Busbuck.

em-puaán n. 1 • Survival.

2 • Life. Syn: en-kishón ‘Life’. See: a-pɔ́k ‘To survive’.

(em-)puán n. Life.

áa-puaya v.pl. 1 • To go around aimlessly, with no real purpose.

2 • To go to different places. See: a-lotoó ‘To go around aimlessly (sg)’.

a-pʉ́c [North] v. [North] To multiply exceedingly.

a-pʉ́d v. To bind together, pin together. Túpʉda mpála. Bind the papers together. (SN).

a-pʉdaá v.dir. To pin up.

a-pʉdarɛ́ v.mid v.inst. 1 • To be bound or pinned together. Kɔ́pʉ́dárɛ́ nanká lpʉrankéti. The cloth/bed sheet is together with the blanket. (SN).

2 • To be close to, together with. Kápʉ́dárɛ́ alɛ́ payíán. I live very close to this man. (SN).

a-pʉdá [North] v.mid. 1 • [North] To be similar (of ideas).

2 • [North] To be double (of a pair).

l-pʉdʉ̂ɨ̂ [North] [North] Nom sg: l-pʉ́dʉɨ. [North] Acc pl: l-pʉdʉ́. [North] Nom pl: l-pʉ́dʉ. n. [North] Intestinal worm passed in the faeces. See: ɔl-pudúki ‘Tapeworm’.

ɔl-pudúki Nom sg: ɔl-púduki. Acc pl: ɨl-pʉdʉ́k. Nom pl: ɨl-pʉdʉ́k. n. Tapeworm. See: n-túmúáí [North] ‘Tapeworm’.

m-pûî [North] Nom sg: m-pûî. Acc pl: im-puin. n. Mass of things, many things. Kɛ́áta mpûî ɛɛ́ nánkân. He/she has many clothes. (SN). Kétíī mpûî ɛ́ɛ nánkân enê. There are many clothes here. (SN).

em-púkāī Nom sg: em-pukáí. Acc pl: im-púka. Nom pl: im-púka. n. Vegetables: cabbage, sukuma wiki, etc.

a-pʉkɛnyá [North] v.s. [North] To be completely white. See: ailéerî [North] ‘White’.

im-púki Nom pl: im-púkî. n.pl. 1 • Raiding groups. See: m-púótó; l-kátérr [North] ‘Small raiding group’; ol-wúámpá ‘Raiding group’; l-támâm [North] ‘Company of many warriors’; en-jóré ‘Raid’.

2 • [North] Large fighting contingent of warriors and elders; division.

a-pukoó v. 1 • To go without food, sleep hungry, fast. Kátúpúkóyie ŋolé. I slept hungry yesterday. (SN).

2 • To starve. Kɛ́asɨshɔ́ aashʉ̂ kipukóo. We will work or we will starve. (W). See: a-rón ‘To go without water’.

pukóti Acc pl: pukót. adj. Blend of black and white, so well blended that the whole appears blue or gray. Ɛ́ɨ́kɨ́ncɔɔ́yɔ enkashê pukóti áalakie orkítéŋ. We will give away the heifer that is a blend of black and white in payment for the ox. Éípukóti apá olashé ótalakíéki orkíné. The calf that was used to pay for the castrated he-goat was a blend of black and white in color. The term may apply to a variety of animals such as olárro 'buffalo', oinkát 'wildebeest', olásúráí 'snake', as well as to cattle. A portion of an animal's body may possess this color, eg. the mouth. See: sámpu ‘Striped’.

a-pukú v.dir. 1 • To emerge, come out, exit. Epukú. It will come out. aisúr olpááshé metúpukú ɔlasʉráí To prod the fence so that the snake will go out (Pk). Túpukú wóu bɔɔ́. Come on outside. (SN). Ɛ́tɔ́n doí mɛ́ɨ́shɔ́ ɛncalán ɨ́nâ kitók epukú tiáji. The weakness of that woman does not allow her to come out of the house. aɨtamán ɨnkɨkʉ́ ɛnkáŋ peê mépúkú inkíshu to surround the kraal with thorny branches so as to prevent the cows from coming out (Pk). See: a-púk ‘To transform’; a-ibíl ‘To begin’.

2 • begin. Epukú ɔlárrábal. War will break out.

3 • [North] To sprout. See: a-bʉ́l ‘To increase’.

a-itupukú 1 • To bring sth. out, cause to emerge.

2 • To blosom.

em-púkúnotó Acc pl: im-pukunót. n. 1 • Type, sort, species, kind(s), variety. Ɛtanáreyia nɛ́ɨ́ŋɔ́r ɨltʉŋaná átɛ́ amʉ̂ ɛ́ɨ́pʉ́tá entórroní ó mpukunót pɔɔkɨ́ ɛnkɔ́p. People should take care of themselves because the world is full of all kinds of evil/bad feeling/trouble. (Pk). empúkúnotó ɔ́ ltʉŋáni type(s) of people.

2 • Physical appearance (with reference to sth. inherent in the body; not outer clothing). Q: Káa píkúnotô ɛáta ɛná tánki? A: empúkúnotô tɔrrɔ́nɔ̂. Q: What is the nature of that chameleon? A: It's nature/appearance is ugly.

3 • Character, personality, custom, behavior. Náa kɛ́áta taá doí ɛná áyíóní ɛmpúkúnotó ɔltʉ́ŋaní ɔʉ́ta. This boy has a behavior of s.o. who has been cursed. (Pk). Mpúkúnotó ɛnyɛ́ aná. This is just his/her nature. (SN). Q: Káa píkúnotô ɛáta ɛlɛ́ tʉ́ŋání? A: empúkúnotô tɔrrɔ́nɔ̂. Q: What is the nature of that person? A: His nature (physical appearance or personality) is ugly/bad.

a-pukúr v.prog. To cover (with lid); stop up (a container). Kápūkūr mála. I will put a lid on the gourd. (SN). Kótūpūkūrō; ɛ́ɨ́tʉ́ eikén. She capped it; she didn't close it. Kátúpúkúro. I covered it. (S). Usage: A-pukúr indicates placing a cap or lid on sth., such as a pen or container, or putting a plug in the top of a gourd. a-ikén would be used for screwing a lid on a water bottle, or closing a door. a-isiáp is used for closing a pot, covering a sleeping person, papers, etc.. See: a-itoíp; a-pɨɨ́ŋ; a-isiáp; a-pɨsɨ́ŋ ‘To cover’.

em-púkúroto Nom sg: em-pukúroto. Acc pl: im-pukurót. Nom pl: im-púkūrot. [North] Acc sg: m-púkúrotó. [North] Nom sg: m-púkúrotó. [North] Acc pl: m-pukurót. n. Depression, valley, ditch. See: e-nóŋótó ‘Valley’; en-gúmōtisho ‘Depression’.

a-pʉkʉsá [North] v.mid. [North] To be twisted (of a limb).

ol-pûl Nom sg: ol-pûl. Acc pl: íl-púlî. Nom pl: íl-púlî. [North] Acc sg: l-pʉ̂l. [North] Nom sg: l-pʉ̂l. [North] Acc pl: l-púli. [North] Nom pl: l-púlî. n. n. An outdoor retreat-like place where men slaughter and roast large quantities of meat; used just by men, but of any age-set. Among some groups men might stay at such a place for over a month; among others it may be used for just a day. Nɛ́ɨ́shɔ̄ mɛnyɛ́ ɔlkɨ́tɛ́ŋ ɔshɔmɔ́ áāyɨ̄ɛ̄ŋ tɔ lpûl. Their father gave them a bull to slaughter in the slaughtering place. Kóbóreki lpûl. The meat-eating place is full (of people). (SN). See: l-oikárr [North] ‘Outside slaughtering place’.

2 • n. Huge fire place (the stones, firewood, fire) where a lot of meat is roasted, especially during ceremonial feasts. See: l-ɔɨkárr ‘A meat eating place where men can stay for over a month; not near home’; ol-pejét ‘A meat-roasting place’.

l-puleêî [North] [North] Nom sg: l-púleêî. n. [North] Plant which yields an oil. Balanites orbicularis.

m-púlîâ [North] n. [North] Very fine dust, often thrown up by whirlwinds. Múntóki ainyoyíé mpúlîâ. Stop throwing up (disturbing, causing) dust. (SN). Mpúlîâ aná kɔ̂p pɔ́ɔkɨ. The whole of this place is dust. (SN).

ɔl-pʉ́lpʉl Nom sg: ɔl-pʉ́lpɨl. Acc pl: il-púlpulí. Nom pl: il-púlpulí. n. Penis of an animal. See: ɔl-pʉ́rkʉl ‘Penis of animal’.

ɛm-pʉ́lʉ́ŋ Nom sg: ɛm-pʉlʉ́ŋ. Acc pl: ɨm-pʉlʉŋá. Nom pl: ɨm-pʉ́lʉŋa. n. Back of the head just before the neck.

ol-pulutâî Acc pl: il-pulutá. n. Nerve.

ol-púmpúí n. Big spherical bead. See: ɔ-saêî ‘Bead’.

m-púnit [North] [North] Nom sg: m-púnît, m-punít. [North] Acc pl: m-puníto. [North] Nom pl: m-púnito. n. n. [North] The sting of a bee.

2 • n. [North] Bee stinger.

pʉnʉ́ka [North] Nom sg: pʉ́nʉká ??. Acc pl: pʉ́nʉkaní ??. Nom pl: pʉ́nʉkaní ??. n. [North] Town, large village, shops. See: ɛnk-anasá ‘Large village’; ɔl-dʉ́ka ‘A shop’.

ɔl-pʉ́nʉ́ká Nom sg: ɔl-pʉnʉká. Acc pl: ɨl-pʉ́nʉ́k. Nom pl: ɨl-pʉnʉ́k. n.f. 1 • One of the stomachs of a cow; reticulum. It contains a green smelly substance. It is put whole into the soup. On the last day of the soup it is opened, the green substance is roasted, and then eaten.

2 • [North] Pancreas. See: a-ɨpʉnʉká ‘To be full’; ɛnk-ɔnyɔ́rɨ ‘One of the stomachs of a cow’.

a-pʉ́ny v. 1 • To be early.

2 • To start sth. earlier than it should be started; jump the gun.

3 • To hurry. Múntóki apʉ́ny. Stop being in a hurry. (SN).

4 • [North] To tire a limb.

a-ɨtʉpʉnyʉ́ v.cause. To bring nearer.

a-pʉnyaá v.dir. To hurry away.

a-pʉnyʉ́ v.dir. 1 • To come too early, approach before being ready.

2 • [North] To be very near. See: a-taaná ‘To be near’; a-nyɨ́k ‘To approach’.

em-punyûâ Nom sg: em-púnyûâ. Acc pl: ím-púnyúâî. Nom pl: ím-púnyáâî. n. Powder made from the ashes of certain leaves, used to treat open wounds by hastening the formation of a scab.

áa-puo Variant: áa-po(n). In some suffixed forms: -puon. PF.PL: -étūō. IMP.PL: óotú. Restrict: pl subj. v.prog v.pl. 1 • To move to or toward a goal; move away from a point of reference: go, go to. Népuo áatɔnɨ pókira. They will go and stay together. (W). Bási népūōī ɛnkapʉtɨ́. Then, they went to the engagement. (W). Ɛɨtʉ́ kípûô. [ɛ̀ɪ̀tʊ́ kìpùò] We did not go. Nónokûâ ntamesí náapuo nkárɛ́. There are the camels going for water. (SN). Ɛ́ŋʉrakɨ́ ɛnkayíóni tárrush entirmá ɛnyɛ́ peê kipuoópuo. Get the lame boy his walking stick so that we can go slowly together. (Pk). Kópuonú áapuoyie aná árri. They will come to go via this vehicle. (SN).

2 • Future action (used together with a following pl. infinitive verb). Képūōī taá apá áasai. She [a baby girl] will be betrothed. kɛnyá ɛnkɔlɔ́ŋ napúóí áabarn a day that they are going to be shaved. See: a-ló ‘To go (singular)’.

1 •

áa-puonu Variant: áa-ponu. To move toward the point of reference; come (plural). Kópuonú nkáɨ́parr. They will come the day after tomorrow. (SN). Ɛɨbʉ́ŋá Jôn olóírirúá, nérīkī enetíī ɔláɨ́tɔ́bɨ́rání peê epúóí áaɨtɔbɨr. Jon became mad (crazy); then he was taken to the healer so that he could be healed. (W).

áa-puopuo To go about, move to and fro. Émuntóki áapuopuo, nákɛ́râ. Stop moving about, children. (SN).

áa-puaya To go forth. Íkípuayá lálɛ́wâ. Gentlemen, we will go forth. (SN).

im-púót Nom pl: im-pûôt. n.pl. Forward group of a raiding or war party. Ɛshɔmɔɨtɔ́ impûôt áaituruk peê ɛsʉjʉ́ oltîm. The forward group of the warriors is leading, followed by the rear-guard. (Pk). See: en-jóré ‘Raiding party’.

m-púótó [North] [mpwótó] [North] Nom sg: m-puotó. [North] Acc pl: m-púót. [North] Nom pl: m-pûôt. n. [North] Small raiding party, company. See: l-kátérr [North] ‘Raiding party’.

a-púp [North] v. [North] To remove a skin (eg. from a shelled peanut or the fruit l-púpoi).

a-pupú v.dir. 1 • To crush or rub fine (eg. tobacco between one's fingers).

2 • To rub between the hands to remove hulls (eg. of peanuts).

l-púpoi [North] [North] Nom sg: l-pupóí. [North] Acc pl: l-púpo. [North] Nom pl: l-púpô. n. [North] Plant whose fruit is edible. Grewia villosa. See: a-púp [North] ‘To crush, shell’.

m-púpóí [North] [North] Nom sg: m-puóí. [North] Acc pl: m-púpo. [North] Nom pl: m-púpô. n. [North] Boiled clotted blood, made into porridge. See: m-púpuo [North] ‘Heated dried blood’.

m-púpuo [North] Nom pl: im-púpûô. n. Heated blood mixed with sugar and often some milk, then dried to preserve it for a few days. When dry, it may then be crushed. It is given to children as a treat when their mother gives birth, and as a way for them to "receive" their new sibling. It may also be taken by women who have just given birth or who are newly initiated. It is not taken by older men or warriors. Im-púpuo is generally not used in the singular. But the singular (perhaps em-púpūōī?) would be interpreted as referring to one block or piece. See: ɔ-sárgɛ́ ‘Blood’; ɔ-sáróí ‘Curdled milk mixed with blood’; naɨláŋa ‘Fresh milk mixed with blood’; n-julóti [North] ‘Stirred blood mixed with milk’; n-carlúgi [North] ‘Unstirred blood mixed with milk’; n-tîs [North] ‘Blood mixed with milk and then stirred together’; m-póróí [North] ‘Roasted clotted blood’; púpóí ‘Boiled blood’.

ɔl-pʉrâ Nom sg: ɔl-pʉ́ra. Acc pl: ɨl-pʉ́raí. Nom pl: ɨl-pʉ́raí. n. Bare ground with no grass.

See: n-dɔ́rɔ́tɔ́ [North] ‘Bare ground’; n-kurréi [North] ‘Bare ground’.

ɛm-pʉrâ 1 • Bare wasteland.

2 • [North] Empty words, lies.

ɔl-pʉrâ lɛ́ nk-omóm Nom sg: ɔl-pʉ́râ lɛ́ nkomóm. Acc pl: ɨl-pʉraí loó nkomomi. Nom pl: ɨl-pʉ́raí lóō nkómomi. n. Forehead (lit: bare spot of the face). Ant: ol-kódónyó ‘Back of head’. See: enk-omóm ‘Face’.

l-pʉráí [North] Acc pl: l-pʉrá. n. [North] Red ant. See: l-oisúisúi ‘Black ant’.

l-pʉrankéti [North] Nom sg: l-pʉ́rankéti. n. [North] Blanket. Borrowed word: English blanket. See: ɔl-mʉrankéti ‘Blanket’.

a-pʉ́rd v. 1 • To smash, crush, destroy, break. Tóduaa mʉ́pʉ́rd mbolbóli. Be careful not to break the egg. (SN). Tʉ́pʉrdakɨ́ lpílipíli atúa ndáa. Crush the pepper into the food. (SN).

2 • [North] To overcook (esp. meat).

3 • [North] To reveal secrets.

a-pʉrdʉpʉ́rd To crush or destroy thoroughly. Kápʉ́rdʉ́pʉrd katʉ́kɨl. I will crush it thoroughly. (SN).

a-pʉrdá v.mid. 1 • To be smashed, crushed. Kɛ́tʉ́pʉ́rdɛtɛ. They are crushed.

2 • To be torn, worn out to the point of being soft to the touch and disintegrate when touched (as of cloth, hide). Kɛ́taŋásúá nanká apʉrdá. The cloth has begun to wear out. (SN).

3 • To be exceedingly proud.

a-pʉ́rd ɛ n-kʉ́tʉ́k Syn: a-rɨ́ny ‘To talk proudly’. To talk proudly (lit: to smash the mouth).

ɔl-pʉ́rdá Nom sg: ɔl-pʉrdá. Acc pl: ɨl-pʉ́rdân. Nom pl: ɨl-pʉrdân. n. 1 • Meat preserved in fat; especially given to postpartum women and newly-circumcised girls. See: l-akulí [North] ‘Meat preserved in fat’; ɛn-tɔ́mɔ́nɔ́nɨ ‘Postpartum woman’.

2 • [North] Decay, disintegration.

m-pʉrdáti [North] Acc pl: m-pʉrdát. n. [North] Rag.

Pʉ́rka Nom sg: Pʉ́rkâ. n. Maasai section.

ol-púrkél Nom sg: ol-purkél. Acc pl: il-púrkélí. Nom pl: il-purkelí. [North] Acc sg: l-pʉ́rkɛ́l. [North] Nom sg: l-pʉrkɛ́l. n. Dry place, desert, dry steppes; lowland. There may be individual trees, but no forest. The word can also be used to refer to wet season pasture, ie. a place which is normally dry, but which serves as pasture during the wet season. Lpúrkél ɛmánya. He lives in the lowland. (SN). Ant: o-súpúkó ‘Cool wooded place’.

ɔl-púrkóí Acc pl: ɨl-Purkó. n.prop. Name of a Maasai section. Átɔ́duaa ɔlwúásínkíshúí ɔbɔ́ɨ́ta ɔ́ lpúrkóí. I have seen a Wuasinkishu person and a Purko person together. (Pk). See: ol-oshô ‘Section’.

púrkúk ideo. Sound of hooves. Páa kéjó iŋúésî, púrkúk, áaɨdapasha. The animals "said púrkúk", to disperse. [ie., the animals started to disperse].

ɔl-pʉ́rkʉl Nom sg: ɔl-pʉ́rkʉ̂l. Acc pl: il-púrkulí. Nom pl: il-púrkulí. n. 1 • Penis (of animals). lpʉ́rkʉl lɛ́ laɨŋɔ́nɨ penis of a bull (SN). Kɛ́yá lpʉ́rkɨl lɛ́ laɨŋɔ́nɨ. The penis of the bull is infected.

2 • Penis of human, with implication that it is infected with veneral disease. Usage: colloquial.

m-púró [North] [North] Nom sg: m-puró. [North] Acc pl: m-púróci. [North] Nom pl: m-purocí. n. [North] Smoke. Kɔ́rʉ́mʉ mpuró. Smoke is visible. (SN). See: a-purú ‘To smoke (of a fire)’.

em-purpul n. Bladder; a type of meat.

púrpur adj. To be boged down by weight; sluggish, lazy, slow. ɔltʉŋáni púrpur A sluggish person (i.e the person cannot walk fast because of body weight). Note: This cannot be because of heavy luggage or pregnancy. See: yietût ‘Slow, sluggish’.

a-pʉrpʉraná Variant: a-pʉrʉpʉraná. v.mid. 1 • To be spherical; round. Kɔ́pʉrpʉrána alɛ́ soít. This stone is round. (SN). Ɛpʉ́rpʉ́rána. It is round/spherical.

2 • To be complete. See: a-manaá ‘To be round’; a-loloŋa ‘To be round’.

a-purú v. 1 • To smoke (of a fire). Kópúru nkɨ́ma. The fire is smoking. / Fires smoke. (SN). Kótupúrō nkɨ́ma. The fire was smoking. Mɨ́ncɔ́ nkɨ́má epurú. Don't let the fire smoke. (SN). See: a-mát ‘To smoke (cigarette)’; a-ijukujúk ‘To smoke, bluff’.

2 • [North] To bluff; talk but with empty words. See: a-jʉ́k ‘To bluff; overeat’; a-itukutúkó ‘To bluff’; a-ɨmaampút ‘To bluff’; a-ilalankúsh ‘To bluff’; a-kúsh ‘To bluff’.

a-purúg [North] v. [North] To rot, get mouldy. Kótupúrugo lcáni. The tree is rotten. (SN). Kópurúgū lcáni. The tree will rot. (SN). See: a-purúk ‘To rot’; a-ɨsamɨ́s ‘To stink’.

pʉ́rʉ́g [North] Variant: pʉ́rʉ́k. [North] Nom sg: pʉrʉ́g. [North] Acc pl: purugó. [North] Nom pl: púrukó. adj. [North] With horns pointing down.

a-purúk₂ [North]: a-purúg. v. To be rotting, rusting. Képurúk ɛldɛ́ shani olêŋ. That wood has lasted very long.

púrúk ideo. Sound of hooves.

púrúk₁ Nom sg: purúk. Acc pl: púrúkí. Nom pl: purukí. adj. 1 • With horns pointing upwards and forwards, with tips inward.

2 • Prominent. See: árrɔ ‘With downward pointing horns’.

em-púrúó Nom sg: em-púruo. [North] Acc sg: púró. n. Smoke. Ɛ́ɨ́sápʉk empurúó. There is a lot of smoke. (lit: The smoke is big.).

a-purupúr v. To waddle, lumber, go heavily.

a-pʉrʉpʉraná To be round; spherical; complete. See: a-pʉrpʉraná ‘To be round, spherical; complete’.

a-purusokinó [North] v.dat v.mid. [North] To appear on one unawares.

a-purusunyé [North] v. 1 • [North] To get up suddenly and run off.

2 • [North] To do sth. suddenly or unexpectedly.

a-púrr v.prog. 1 • To steal from, rob. Ééúo apúrr iyíóó. He/she has come to steal from us. (SN). Népurr ɔláyíóní mɛ́nyɛ́. The boy stole from his father. (W). Ápúrríto oldúka. I am stealing from the shop. (W) He will steal for me.

2 • To take ornaments from dead or dying person. To take ornaments from a dying person is a terriable thing.

3 • To cheat. Ɛɨbʉ́ŋá olmalimúí ɛnkɛ́ráɨ́ épúrrítô ɛntɛ́mátá. The teacher has caught a child cheating in the exam. (W).

a-purrokí v.dat. To steal sth. for s.o. Áápúrróki entítō. (i) I will steal the girl for you. (ii) I will steal from the girl, all that she has, for you. (W).

a-purrishó To steal (as a habit). Kópúrríshó aná kɛ́rai. This child does steal. (SN).

a-purríé v.inst. Áapurroríé ɔlmʉrraní ɨmbɛníá. The warrior will steal the bags from me. (W). Étúpúrróyie ɔlaimónkoni inkíshú ó lpayíán. The cheat/liar stole the man's cows. (W).

a-purrí v.pass. To have no hope.

a-purroó v.dir. 1 • To steal sth. moving away from the point of reference. Épúrróo ɔlmʉrraní iropiyaní. The warrior will steal the money. (W). Népurróo ɔláyíóní ilmósorr. The boy stole eggs (and went away with them). (W).

2 • To kidnap. Áapurróo ɔlmʉrraní. The warrior will kidnap me. (W). Epúrrúnō entánkile. The woman is stolen. (Eg. The woman came to live in this homestead by having been stolen). (W).

a-purrú v.dir. To steal sth. moving towards the point of reference. Ápúrrú ɛnkalámu. I will steal a pen (and bring it towards where we are). (W). Ápúrrú ɛnkalámu tɔ ldúkâ. I will steal a pen from the market. (W).

ɛm-pʉ̂rr n. Lizard. See: ol-mokûâ; ol-oirrírri ‘Lizard’; l-karripô [North] ‘Lizard’; l-mɛlɛlɛ [Chamus] ‘Lizard’.

purrishó n. Stealing, thievery ? Tɔrrɔ́nɔ̂ taá ɔlkúaak ó purrishó ɨnkɛ́râ. The habit of children stealing is bad. (Pk). Ɛgɨ́ra ɔlpáyian aturú ɨlɔmɔ́n lɔɔ́rpúrrishó ɔɔ́waitâ inkíshú. The man is finding out information about the thieves who stole cows. (Pk).

ol-púrríshóí Nom sg: ol-purrishóí. n. Thief. Ɛgɨ́ráɨ́ áadam ɔlpúrríshóí ɨsɛdɛ́rɨ̄ tɔɔ́ nkaɨk. The thief is being slapped (on) the cheeks with the hands. (Pk). Ɛtabáíkīā taá táatá ɔlpurrishóí oitiŋí Today the thief has reached the ultimate end. [ie. he is dead]. (Pk). See: ɔl-apúrroni ‘Thief’; a-púrr ‘To steal’.

m-púrróre [North] [North] Nom sg: m-purróre. n. [North] Theft. See: a-púrr ‘To steal from’.

ɛm-púrrórre n. Theft. See: ɛ-nyámu ‘Theft’.

pʉ̂s₁ Nom sg: pʉ̂s. Acc pl: púsi. Nom pl: púsî. adj. 1 • Blue (of any degree of saturation and brightness); color of the sky, of water mixed with milk, of grass that is drying and losing its deep-green color, pale green, light lavender. ɛnkárɛ́ pʉ̂s blue water. ɛnâ búku nárɔ́k ɔ ɛ́nda pʉ̂s this black book and that blue one (W). Mɛɛ́kʉ áíkátá ɔltʉ́ŋání pʉ̂s lɛ́mɛ́ oloitáá kɛwɔ́n. A person does not become unpopular unless he makes himself unpopular. (lit: A man does not become blue unless he makes himself that way.).

2 • Gray.

3 • [North] Having 3 or more colors.

4 • [North] White with many small spots. Some speakers of K and S clearly disagree on what this color term means, though both include grey, and for both it seems to include a variety of colors. See: e-sírua ‘Blue, white’.

pʉ̂s-kií n. Blue whetting stone.

ɛm-pʉ̂s₂ Nom sg: ɛm-pʉ̂s. Acc pl: im-púsi. Nom pl: im-púsî. n. Shoulder. See: o-rôny ‘Shoulder’.

pʉ̂s ɔ́ŋʉ v.phrase. To have a bad, diseased eye (lit: to be light-colored the eye). Kɛ́ɨ́pʉs-ɔ́ŋʉ ɛlɛ̂ tʉŋáni. This man has an eye problem/has a bad eye. (SN). The eye problem is likely permanent and is visible to others.

ol-pusekény n. Testicle.

l-pʉ́sɨ [North] n. [North] Foreskin. See: n-calúbutí [North] ‘Foreskin’.

Il-púsi moru n.prop. Place of the blue stones.

a-pʉ́sh v. 1 • To be in an excitable or energetic state. Ɛ́pʉ́sh. He is in an excitable state/He is angry looking for a fight. (W). Ɛgɨ́ra ɔlɔ́ɨ́ŋɔ́nɨ́ ɔ́tɨ apʉ́sh aɨrɨ́sh ɨlkʉlɨ́kāɨ̄. The young bull is getting aroused to fight the others. Ɛpúshu. He was enraged / He will become enraged. Kóre peê eraposho olóíŋóní ɔ́tʉpʉshá náa kɛ́shɛr. When a bull which is proud is satisfied/fed up (and wants to fight), it will "grunt". (W). ɔltʉŋáni ɔ́pʉ̄sh person who is excitable. See: a-ɨtʉpʉ́sh ‘To put into an emotional state’.

2 • To be rutting (of an animal). Ɛ́tʉ́pʉ́shá ɛlɛ́ ɔ́ɨ́ŋɔ́nɨ́; ɛgɨ́ra aitiamakɨ́ inkíshú. This bull has been rutting; it is mounting on cows.

3 • To shake with anger (of a warrior).

4 • [North] To multiply and propagate in an area, through birth or migration (of people).

5 • [North] To propagate so extensively in an area to the point of dominating that area (of plants). Note: Sense 2, 3 Note: Sense 4, 5

a-pʉshʉ́ v.dir. 1 • To be in a period or stage of rutting or sexual arousal; to want to fight (of animals). Kɔ́pʉshʉ́ alɛ́ áɨ́ŋɔ́nɨ́ kʉná naátɛɛná. This bull will get sexually active very soon. (SN).

2 • To be energetic, active (as a young bull might be); show off. Ɨtʉpʉ́shʉ́á kʉná pérot. [ɪ̀tʊ̀pʊ́ʃwá] You are showing off these days. (SN). This usually refers to a temporary stage rather than a long-term characteristic. It is typically applied to a bull though may also be applied to people. With reference to people, the concept is not negative, and often results from s.o. doing well and being happy.

3 • [North] To gossip negative information about s.o.

4 • [North] To dominate others.

pʉshʉ́ka n. November (lit: flower buds). See: ɨl-apaitín ‘Months’.

m-pʉshʉ́na [North] n. [North] Energy, excitement. Kɛ́áta mpʉshʉ́na. He/she is excited/energetic. (SN). See: a-pʉ́sh ‘To be in an excitable state’.

pushunóti [North] Nom sg: púshunóti. Acc pl: pushunót. Nom pl: púshunot. n. [North] A young warrior or bull who is getting strong and fierce but still under leadership of other senior warriors or bulls. See: ɔl-barnóti ‘Young warrior’.

a-pút v. 1 • To pluck (feathers). Kápút nkɔ́kɔ́. [kápút ! ŋkɔ́kɔ́] I will pluck (feathers from) the chicken. (SN). Kápút nkɔ́kɔ́ aorú nkopírr. I will pluck the chicken to remove the feathers. (SN). Kápútú nkopírr ɛ́ nkɔ́kɔ́. I will pluck the feathers of/from the chicken. (SN).

2 • To pick, choose. Épút. He will pick / pluck / nominate. Mmeputokiní aɨkatá ɔsʉ́nash inkíshú. Cows are never given a bull with a single testicle as the "accepted" bull of the herd.

3 • To nominate (s.o.).

3 • To ordain. Néputíéki ɔlaigúɛ́nani ɛnkáshê ɔ́ lɔɨŋɔ́nɨ. The age-set leader is ordained with a heifer and a bull. Mátuput mɛtʉ́sʉja ɛlɛ̂ keréri lɛ mɛ́nyɛ. Let's annoint him to follow this line of his father (ie., be the leader like his father was). (KS).

3 • To non-violently take sth. from s.o. who is in a less powerful position, against the will of the person from whom the item(s) is taken. Usage: euphemistic. Etúpútó laláshɛ lɛnyɛ́ kiní aorú saên. He has taken (stolen) strings of beads from his younger brother. (SN).

a-putó To be annointed, ordained.

l-pútaput [North] Nom sg: l-putapút. Acc pl: l-putaputí. Nom pl: l-pútaputí. n. [North] Mattress.

em-putét Nom sg: em-pútet. Acc pl: im-putéta. Nom pl: im-púteta. n. Tweezers, tongs.

a-putorí [North] v.dir v.mid. [North] To run fast after sighting danger. See: a-kúɛ́t ‘To run’.

l-putót [North] [North] Nom pl: l-pútot. n.pl. [North] Sheep's wool. See: a-pút ‘To pluck’.

a-putú v. To suddenly wake s.o. up. Káatuputuakɨ́. I was suddenly woken up. (SN). Múputí lmʉ́rráni! Don't awaken the warrior! (SN). Kátúpútúnye. I suddenly woke up (SN). Etuputúnye lmʉrraní. The warrior has suddenly woken up. (SN). Kápútú nkɔ́kɔ́. I will wake the chicken up. (SN).

em-putúai Nom sg: em-pútuai. Acc pl: im-putúá. Nom pl: im-pútua. [North] Acc sg: m-butúai. n. Pectoral muscle, located above the ribs (of men only). This term is not used with reference to women or animals. See: ol-goó ‘Chest’; ɛ́m-bútúa ‘Pectoral muscle, breast’.

l-pútukuny [North] [North] Nom sg: l-pútúkuny. n. [North] Shock, amazement. See: a-iputukúny ‘To be frightened, amazed, shocked’.

l-pʉ́ʉ́d [North] [North] Nom sg: l-pʉʉ́d. n. [North] Anus. Usage: taboo. See: ol-túlī ‘Buttock’.

m-pʉ́ʉ́d [North] [North] Nom sg: m-pʉʉ́d. [North] Acc pl: m-púúdî. n. [North] Crombec (bird). Sylvietta.

em-puús Nom sg: em-púūs. Acc pl: im-puusîn. Nom pl: im-púusîn. n. Cat. Borrowed word: English ?. See: em-búrra; em-páka ‘Cat’; n-kuús [North] ‘Cat’; kúra [Chamus] ‘Cat’; e-nyaú [South] ‘Cat’.

l-pʉʉsaní [North] [North] Nom sg: l-pʉ́ʉsaní. n. 1 • [North] The edible fruit of the (o-)írrî tree (which includes l-kálkáloi and l-aɨtɨ́pái).

2 • [North] The short period that marks the end of the green part of the rainy season (l-ári) and signals the onset of the dry season (nk-ɔlɔ́ŋ).

ɛm-pʉ́ya n. Soft material made from plastic, e.g plastic bag. ɛmpʉ́ya é nkurmá A plastic bag containing maize flour. Etymology: recent word.

l-pʉ́ya [North] [North] Nom sg: l-pʉyâ. [North] Acc pl: l-púyaí. [North] Gunny sack.

a-puyiapúí v. To be soft to the touch, smooth. Képūyīāpūī ɨlpapɨ́t lɔ́ɔntaré aláŋ ɨlɔɔ́nkinejí. Sheep fleece is softer than goats' hair. Képuiyápui alɛ́ pʉ́rankéti. This blanket is soft and smooth. (SN). See: a-sɨpá ‘To be smooth’; a-naná ‘To be soft’.

QUALIFYING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Accusative tone pattern:
SINGULAR	my	your	his	our	your	their
Masc	láí	linó	lɛnyɛ́	lâŋ	linyî	lɛnyɛ̂
Fem	áí	inó	ɛnyɛ́	âŋ	inyî	ɛnyɛ̂

PLURAL	my	your	his	our	your	their
Masc	láainéí	linónō	lɛnyɛ́nā	lâŋ	linyî	lɛnyɛ̂
Fem	áainéí	inónō	ɛnyɛ́nā	âŋ	inyî	ɛnyɛ̂

Nominative tone pattern
SINGULAR	my	your	his	our	your	their
Masc	lai	líno	lɛ́nỳ	laŋ	línyī	lɛ́nyɛ̄
Fem	ai	íno	ɛ́nyɛ	aŋ	ínyī	ɛ́nyɛ̄

PLURAL	my	your	his	our	your	their
Masc	láainéí	línonó	lɛ́nyɛná	láŋ	línyī	lɛ́nyɛ̄
Fem	áainéí	ínonó	ɛ́nyɛná	aŋ	ínyī	ɛ́nyɛ̄

"STAND-ALONE" POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
Accusative tone pattern
SINGULAR	mine	yours	his	ours	yours	theirs
Masc	ɔlaláí	olinó	ɔlɛnyɛ́	ɔlalâŋ	olinyî	ɔlɛnyɛ̂
Fem	ɛnaaí	eninó	ɛnɛnyɛ́	ɛnaâŋ	eninyî	ɛnɛnyɛ̂

PLURAL	mine	yours	his	ours	yours	theirs
Masc	ɨláainéí	ilinónō	ɨlɛnyɛ́nā	ɨlkʉlalâŋ	ilkulinyî	ɨlkʉlɛnyɛ̂
Fem	ɨnáainéí	ininónō	ɨnɛnyɛ́nā	ɨnkʉnaâŋ	inkuninyî	ɨnkʉnɛnyɛ̂

Nominative tone pattern
SINGULAR	mine	yours	his	ours	yours	theirs
Masc	ɔlálai	olíno	ɔlɛ́nyɛ	ɔlálāŋ	olínyī	ɔlɛ́nyɛ̄
Fem	ɛnáai	eníno	ɛnɛ́nyɛ̀	ɛnáāŋ	enínyī	ɛnɛ́nyɛ̄

PLURAL	mine	yours	his	ours	yours	theirs
Masc	ɨláainéí	ilínonó	ɨlɛ́nyɛná	ɨlkʉ́laláŋ	ilkúlinyí	ɨlkʉ́lɛnyɛ́
Fem	ɨnáainéí	inínonó	ɨnɛ́nyɛná	ɨnkʉ́naáŋ	inkúninyí	ɨnkʉ́nɛnyɛ́